1
Q
What is the forebrain called?
A
prosencephalon
2
Q
parts of forebrain?
A
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- cerebral cortex
- cerebrum
- corpus striatum
- limbic system
3
Q
what is diencephalon?
A
thalamus, epithalamus and hypothalamus
4
Q
hippocampus ,amygdala ,cerebral cortex, cerebrum, corpus striatum ,limbic system are a part of?
A
telencephalon
5
Q
what is the mid brain called?
A
mesencephalon
6
Q
what is the hind brain called?
A
rhombencephalon
7
Q
what all does the hind brain include ?
A
pons and cerebellum - metencephalon
medulla oblongata - myelencephalon
8
Q
what is the protective covering of the brain called ?
A
cranial meninges or meninx
9
Q
what are the three layers of meninx called?
A
- dura matter
- arachnoid matter
- pia matter
10
Q
describe dura matter
A
- thick and tough
- avascular
- closer to cranium
11
Q
describe arachnoid matter
A
- characteristic feature of mammals
- avascular like a spider’s web
12
Q
describe pia matter
A
- vascular and thin
- closer to brain
13
Q
what is subdural matter and what does it contain ?
A
- the space between dura and arachnoid matter
- has unknown fluid
14
Q
what is the sub arachnoid matter and what does it contain?
A
- the space btw arachnoid and pia matter
- has csf
15
Q
largest part of brain? how many hemispheres and what divides it?
A
cerebrum , 2 , median longitudinal fissure
16
Q
how are the two hemispheres connected ? describe shape.
A
corpus callosum.
curved - genu
splenium
17
Q
how many lobes of cerebrum?
A
4
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
18
Q
function of each lobe of cerebrum
A
- frontal : decision making, judgement and creative ideas
- parietal: hot cold pain and touch
- temporal - hearing and smell
- occipital - vision
19
Q
what is broca’s area?
A
frontal lobe | associated with learning
20
Q
what is wernick’s area ?
A
temporal lobe | associated with reading and writing
21
Q
what is somethetic area?
A
parietal lobe for its own functions
22
Q
all voluntary activities are controlled by ?
A
cerebrum
23
Q
all involuntary activities are controlled by ?
A
cerebellum
24
Q
what is the outer or the dorsal surface of cerebrum called?
A
cerebral cortex / neopallium
25
explain the structure of cerebral cortex
- highly convoluted
- small grove - sulci
- large grove - fissure
- buldge btw sulci and fissure = gyri
- 6 layered 10 billion cyton
26
what are the 3 functional areas in each lobe
sensory area - receives sensory impulse
motor area - sends motor commands
association area - 1) neither sensory nor motor
2) large area i) intersensory association
ii) memory
iii) communication
27
from where does olfactory lobe receive signal? what is called and it is reduced in ?
olfactory epithelium rhinencephalon reduced in humans but advanced in sharks
28
bundle of cyton in cns
nuclei
29
bundle of cyton in pns
ganglia
30
bundle of axon in cns
tract
31
bundle of axon in pns
nerves
32
what is basal ganglia
collection of subcorticular nuclei
33
largest nucleus in basal ganglia and its function?
corpus striatum - regulates planning and execution of stereotyped movement
34
describe structure of epithalamus
above thalamus ,thin ,non nervous
35
describe the anterior and posterior part of epithalamus
anterior- anterior choroid plexus
| posterior - pineal gland - secretes melatonin
36
function of thalamus
major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling. acts as relay center.
37
structure of hypothalamus
- forms floor of diencephalon
- contains neurosecretory cells k/a nuclei that secretes hormones
- contains hunger thirst center satiety center
38
function of hypothalamus
1) maintain homeostasis and internal body temp
2) associated with thermoregulation osmoregulation emotional and sexual desires,mating, circadian rhythm
3) associated with 3F ( FIGHTING FLEEING AND FEEDING )
39
limbic system also k/a
emotional brain
40
limbic system shape?
flared like a fork or wish bone
41
what all does the limbic system include ?
```
inner part of cerebral hemisphere
anterior part of thalamus
hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
part of basal ganglia
septum
```
42
where is midbrain located ?
btw thalamus and pons
43
what two unique things does midbrain
| contain
corpura quadrigemini and crura cerebri
44
what is corpora quadrigemini and what are its two parts
4 optical swellings present on dorsal side
superior colliculi - associated with vision reflex
inferior colliculi - associated with auditory reflex
45
function of amygdala
controls emotions esp fear and anger
46
function of hippocampus
- converts short term into long term memory
| - deals with emotion attached with smell
47
function of septum
controls sexual behavior
48
what is crura cerebri ?
| it is aka?
- k/a cerebral peduncle
| - paired tract that runs anteriorly and connects the forebrain to the hindbrain.
49
what is cerebral aqueduct called and function?
| it is a part of _____
aqueduct of Sylvie, foramen of iter.
connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle
midbrain
50
function of midbrain
- vision
- hearing
- motor control
- sleepwake cycle
- temp regulation
51
function of pons
- all sensory pathways to cerebral cortex synapse at pons
- connects cerebral hemisphere to cerebellum
- contains pneumotaxic center (switch off point of inspiration)
52
describe structure of cerebellum.
little cerebrum, second largest and highly convoluted
53
describe structure of cerebellum and its hemispheres
two hemisphere connected by vermis (worm like appearance)
54
what is the grey+white matter in cerebellum called?
Arbor vitae (tree of life)
55
how is the cerebellum connected to
i) midbrain
ii) pons
iii) medulla
i) superior cerebellar peduncle
ii) middle cerebellar peduncle
iii) inferior cerebellar peduncle
56
which part of brain controls all involuntary activities
cerebellum
57
functions of cerebellum ?
- maintains body balance and posture
- doesn't initiate but reorganize movement
- helps in learning but only in early stages
58
where is the medulla oblongata found?
inferior part of the brain
59
which all 6 centers does medulla contain?along with centers it also contains _____
-cardiovascular center, respiratory center, git center,
vomiting center, yawning center and vasometer center
-posterior choroid plexus
60
what is the brain stem made up of
mid brain, pons and medulla
61
what is ras?
reticular activating center
- grey + white matter of spinal cord forms a net like structure
- connects the thalamus with the major nerves of spinal cord
- gatekeeper to consciousness
62
what are the ventricles in brain?
4 fluid filled spaces of brain are called ventricles
63
describe ventricles of brain
2 lateral ventricles called paracoel which open to 3rd ventricle thru the opening called foramen of munro or interventricular foramen
the 3rd ventricle then opens to 4th ventricle via cerebral aquiduct / aquiduct of sylvia / foramen of iter
64
what are lateral , 3rd and 4th ventricles called?
paracoel, diecoel and metacoel
65
where does the csf flow
to the central canal of spinal cord
| to sub arachnoid space
66
how does csf flow to sub arachnoid space ?
through 3 aperatures present on roof of ventricle 2 lateral thru foramen of lushka 1 median thru foramen of megendie
67
who makes csf?
anterior choroid plexus in epithalamus and posterior choroid plexus in medulla oblongata
68
what does csf contain ?
glucose, urea, proteins, water, calcium, bicarbonate, magnesium, chloride
69
function of csf
1) shock absorber
2) bouyancy
3) provides nutrition to the brain tissue
70
outer part is ____
| inner part is ____ in spinal cord
white
| grey (h-shape)
