Nursing Research

Question 1

What type of source is preferred in research

Answer 1

primary source

Question 2

What is a primary source

Answer 2

• factual

- original research from which the data cam

Question 3

What is secondary source

Answer 3

-created when the primary data are interpreted or analyzed by another person

Question 4

Institutional review boards

Answer 4

ensure rights, safety, and welfare of human research subjects who are participating in research
-authority to approve or reject research proposals that are submitted to their institution or hospital

Question 5

Vulnerable populations

Answer 5

• require additional paperwork and consent requirements
• infants and children <18
• pregnant women, fetus
• prisoners
• persons with mental disabilities
• persons who are economically disadvantaged

Question 6

Belmont report

Answer 6

-report that outlines the important ethical principles that should be followed when performing research involving human subjects

Question 7

Informed consent of human subjects

Answer 7

-must be informed that they have the right to withdraw from the research study at any time without adverse consequences or penalty

Question 8

Informed consent components

Answer 8

• describe study, what they should expect to do
• describe risks in present and future
• describe benefits in present and future
• discuss alternatives
• discuss any compensation or reward
• discuss how confidentiality will be maintained
• give number and email for contact

Question 9

Emancipated minor criteria

Answer 9

• legal court document stating that minor is an emancipated minor
• active duty in US military
• legally binding marriage (or divorced from legally binding marriage)

Question 10

Who can consent be given to

Answer 10

only individuals >18 years old

Question 11

What is assent

Answer 11

To agree, but not legally consenting

Question 12

Child from 7-17 years old can assent but cant

Answer 12

consent

Question 13

Child participating in research

Answer 13

-parents must consent first and then child can assent with separate assent form

Question 14

alpha value

Answer 14

-significance level aka p-value

Question 15

What is p value usually set at

Answer 15

<0.05 or <0.01

Question 16

What does a significance level of p <0.05 indicate

Answer 16

5% probability that study results are due to chance

Question 17

What does a significance level of p<0.01 indicate

Answer 17

only a 1% probability that study results are due to chance.

Question 18

is p<0.01 or p<0.05 better

Answer 18

0.01

Question 19

control group

Answer 19

subjects that did not receive treatment

Question 20

N

Answer 20

total size of sample

Question 21

n

Answer 21

number of subjects in a group

Question 22

independent variable

Answer 22

-variable being manipulated and used to influence dependent variable

Question 23

Dependent variable

Answer 23

-result of manipulation of independent variable

Question 24

Hypothesis

Answer 24

-idea or supposition that can be tested and refuted

Question 25

Null hypothesis

Answer 25

- H0 | - opposite of hypothesis being studied

Question 26

Normal curve

Answer 26

bell shaped

Question 27

Median

Answer 27

-number in middle when values are arranged from lowest to highest

Question 28

Mode

Answer 28

most common value

Question 29

Range

Answer 29

difference between largest and smallest number

Question 30

Prospective study

Answer 30

- studies done in present to future - longitudinal studies are a type of prospective study - data obtained in present, then periodically measured in future

Question 31

Retrospective study

Answer 31

- studies done on events that already occurred | - aka ex post facto

Question 32

Longitudinal study

Answer 32

- follows same group over many years - no manipulation or intervention - observational study

Question 33

cohort

Answer 33

-group of individuals that share some common characteristics

Question 34

Cross sectional study

Answer 34

-compares differences and similarities between two or more groups of people or phenomena and collects data at one point in time

Question 35

Case study

Answer 35

-in-depth investigation of a single person, group, or phenomena

Question 36

Descriptive study

Answer 36

observe and collect pertinent information but do not manipulate or change environment aka observational study

Question 37

Correlational study

Answer 37

- type of observational study | - relationship between at least 2 variables is evaluated

Question 38

what are the three types of correlations

Answer 38

- positive - negative - none

Question 39

Positive correlation

Answer 39

- two variables change together in same direction | - When A increases, B increases

Question 40

Negative correlation

Answer 40

- increase in one variable results in decrease in other | - when A increases, B decreases

Question 41

No correlation

Answer 41

- variables not related | - change in A does not affect B

Question 42

Experimental study important criteria

Answer 42

use of random sampling and random assignment of research subjects - at least one control group and one or more intervention or treatment group - causality can be determined

Question 43

Which experiment allows causality to be determined

Answer 43

Double-blind experimental study

Question 44

Quasi-experimental

Answer 44

- similar to experimental except there is no randomization of research subjects - recruitment by convenience sampling

Question 45

Deductive reasoning

Answer 45

- involves going from general to specific findings - top down logic - start with theory (generalization) and narrow down with specific hypothesis (deduction)

Question 46

Which study type uses deductive reasoning

Answer 46

-quantitative studies

Question 47

Inductive reasoning

Answer 47

- opposite of deductive - bottom up logic - start with specific observations to formulate hypothesis to generate a new theory

Question 48

What kind of study uses inductive reasoning

Answer 48

-qualitative

Question 49

Data for qualitative

Answer 49

-words, narratives, subjective opinoins

Question 50

Data for quantitative

Answer 50

-numerical and measurable data

Question 51

Statistical testing for qualitative

Answer 51

- interpretation of common themes and patterns | - use limited statistics like chi-squared

Question 52

Statistical testing for quantitative

Answer 52

- pearson correlation - paired t-test - simple/multiple regression - ANOVA