Nutrient Deficiencies

Question 1

Protein

Answer 1

• muscle wasting
• edema (ankles and feet)
• poor wound healing, pressure ulcers
• corkscrew hair, lacks shine/luster, think/sparse hair
• Minkey’s
• nails: dull, lusterless with transverse riding across nail plate
• moon face (rounded cheeks with pursed mouth, seen in preschoolers)
• Neck: enlarged parotids
• Thorax: decreased muscle mass and strength, shortness of breath, fatigue, decreased pulmonary function
• Nervous system: psychomotor changes, mental confusion

Question 2

Fat

Answer 2

-fat soluble vitamin deficiencies (A, D, E, K)

Question 3

Lack of calories

Answer 3

break down muscle mass for gluconeogensis

Question 4

Iron (iron deficiency anemia)

Answer 4

• skin pallor
• pale conjuctivae (anemia)
• fatigue
• thin, concave nails with raised edges (koilonychia)

Question 5

Folate

Answer 5

• megaloblastic anemia
• neural tube defects
• weakness, fatigue, depression
• pallor
• dermatologic lesions

Question 6

Riboflavin B2

Answer 6

• tearing, burning, and itching of eyes with fissuring in corners of eyes
• soreness and burning of the lips, mouth and tongue with fissuring (cheilosis) and/or cracking (glossitis)
• purple swollen tongue
• seborrhea of the skin in the nasolabial folds, scrotum or vulva
• capillary overgrowth around the corneas (corneal xerosis)

Question 7

Niacin B3

Answer 7

• dermatitis or skin eruptions
• tremors
• sore tongue
• skin that is exposed to sunlight will develop cracks and a scaly form of dermatitis with pigmentation
• may also show signs of riboflavin deficiency
• pellegra (diarrhea , dementia, dermatitis, death)

Question 8

Thiamine B1

Answer 8

• beriberi
• wernicke
• korsakoff
• weight loss, muscular wasting
• sometimes edema (wet beriberi)
• malaise
• tense calf muscles
• distended neck veins
• jerky movement of eyes
• staggering gait and difficulty walking
• infants may develop cyanosis
• round, swollen (moon) face
• foot and wrist drop
• heart failure

Question 9

Vitamin B6

Answer 9

• microcytic anemias
• tongue inflammation
• inflammation of lining of mouth
• fissure in corner of mouth

Question 10

Vitamin B12

Answer 10

• pernicious anemia
• lemon-yellow tint to the skin and eyes
• smooth, red, thickened tongue

Question 11

Vitamin A

Answer 11

• bitots spots
• night blindness
• hair follicle blockage with a permanent “goose bump” appearance
• dry, rough, skin
• small, grayish, foamy deposits on the conjunctiva adjacent to the cornea
• drying of the eyes and mucous membranes

Question 12

Vitamin K

Answer 12

• clotting

- small hemorrhages in the skin or mucous membranes

Question 13

Vitamin C

Answer 13

• scurvy
• impaired wound healing
• edema
• swollen, bleeding and/or retracted gums or tooth loss; mottled teeth; enamel erosion
• lethargy and fatigue
• skin lesions
• small red or purplish pinpoint discolorations on the skin or mucous membranes (petechiae)
• darkened skin around the hair follicles
• corkscrew hair or unemerged, coiled hair
• nails: splinter hemorrhages
• swollen, painful joints

Question 14

Magnesium

Answer 14

• tremors, muscle spasms, and tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles)
• personality changes

Question 15

Copper

Answer 15

• hair and skin depigmentation
• pallor
• wilson’s disease (excess)

Question 16

Iodine

Answer 16

-goiter

Question 17

Chromium

Answer 17

-corneal lesions

Question 18

Vitamin D

Answer 18

-rickets