Obesity

Question 0

2 Theories of how obesity causes Diabetes Type 2

Answer 0

1. The cell gets bigger and insulin receptors are farther apart. (physical theory)
2. Adipose tissue releases cytokines that increase insulin resistance

Question 1

Obesity

-Causes

Answer 1

1. Chemical irritation of the endothelial lining is caused by adipose tissue releasing of cytokines

Question 2

Obesity

-Linked to Liver disease

Answer 2

1. Deposits of fat in the liver from obesity

- Fatty liver with increased (LFT’s)

Question 3

Obesity

-Leptin Resistance

Answer 3

1. Acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite.
2. High levels of leptin are ineffective at decreasing appetite
3. Leptin is expressed by adipocytes so it increases w/ obesity
4. associated w/ insulin resistance

Question 4

Obesity

-Inflammation

Answer 4

1. Obesity promotes a low-grade systemic inflammation that is r/t to T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration

Question 5

Obesity

-Genetics

Answer 5

1. A child of two obese parents has about an 80% chance of becoming obese

Question 6

BMI

Answer 6

1. BMI is defined as ratio of weight (Kg) and height (meters squared)

Question 7

Normal BMI

Answer 7

1. 20-25 kg/m2

Question 8

Overweight BMI

Answer 8

1. 25-30kg/m2

Question 9

Obese BMI

Answer 9

1. 30-40 kg/m2

Question 10

Severe (morbid) Obesity BMI

Answer 10

1. Above 40 kg/m2

Question 11

What measurements are used to determine Obesity?

Answer 11

1. BMI

2. Waist-to-Hip Ratio

Question 12

Visceral Obesity

Answer 12

1. Male obesity that is closely associated with metabolic complications such as:
   - HTN, Insulin resistance…
2. Apple shape

Question 13

Peripheral Obesity

Answer 13

1. Feminine obesity / fat distributed around the thighs and buttocks
2. Pear shape
3. Less metabolically active, less lipolytic and releases less adipocytokines than visceral fat

Question 14

Normal Waist to Hip Ratio

-Male

Answer 14

1. Less than 1.0 is normal ratio in Men

Question 15

Normal Waist to Hip Ratio

-Female

Answer 15

1. Ratio less than 0.6 is normal

Question 16

Leptin

-Mouse experiment

Answer 16

1. Leptin is found in the blood of normal mice but NOT of genetically obese mice
2. If leptin is injected into the third lateral ventricle of the mouse, the mouse will have reduced intake of food

Question 17

Obesity

-Environmental Factors

Answer 17

1. Sedentary Lifestyle
2. Hypothalamic injury
3. Drugs
4. Endocrine disorders
5. Increased availability of food

Question 18

Obesity

-Genetic Factors

Answer 18

1. Dysmorphic Syndrome

2. Over-expression of NPY (Neuropeptide-Y)

Question 19

Obesity

-Energy Expenditure

Answer 19

1. Decreased physical activity

2. Decrease metabolic rate

Question 20

Hormones that are related to Obesity

Answer 20

1. Insulin

2. Cholecystokinin

Question 21

Insulin & Adipose tissue

Answer 21

1. Serum insulin level is proportional to mass of adipose tissue

Question 22

Insulin

-Main action

Answer 22

1. The main action of insulin is to increase food uptake by decreasing blood glucose