A & P > objective 10 pt 1 > Flashcards

objective 10 pt 1 Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

begins with fertilization
ends with birth
38 weeks after conception

A

prenatal development

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2
Q

what are the divisions of prenatal development?

A

preembryonic
embryonic
fetal periods

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3
Q

the state of carrying a developing conceptus

A

pregnancy

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4
Q

developing offspring

A

conceptus

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5
Q

from fertilization through week 8

A

embryo

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6
Q

from week 9 through birth

A

fetus

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7
Q

union pf sperm and egg to create a fertilized egg or zygote
sperm reach secondary oocyte

A

fertilization

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8
Q

what happens to the sperm that does not make the 12cm trip to join with egg?

A
  • Some leak out of vagina immediately after
    intercourse
  • Some are destroyed by acidic vaginal environment
  • Some fail to make it through cervix
  • Some are dispersed in uterine cavity or destroyed
    by phagocytes
  • Only a few thousand out of millions of sperm reach
    uterine tubes
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9
Q

lasts about 2 weeks following fertilization

A

pre-embryonic period

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10
Q

early cell divisions

A

cleavage

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11
Q

first cleavage division completed within 36 hrs result in 2 cells

A

blastomeres

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12
Q

by end of 3rd day, 16 cells in a ball

A

morula

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13
Q

By 5th day, hollow sphere of about 100 cells,
consisting of flattened cells called trophoblast cells and a small
cluster of 20-30 rounded cells called embryoblast inside

A

blastocyst

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14
Q
  • By the 21th day of the cycle (7th day after
    ovulation) endometrium is ready to receive the
    blastocyst
  • Blastocyst attaches to it & “burrows” into
    endometrium
  • Endometrial cells grow over the blastocyst until it
    is completely implanted (by 12th day after
    ovulation)
  • Blastocyst secretes human chorionic gonadotropin
    (hCG)
  • hCG travels by blood to the ovary - causes corpus
    luteum to continue to secrete progesterone to
    maintain the endometrium
  • Secretion of hCG declines as placenta develops &
    secretes its own progesterone to maintain the
    pregnancy (~3 mths)
A

implantation

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15
Q

what are the 3 primary germ layers that are developing while the blastocyst is implanting?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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16
Q
  • Beginning of 3rd week to end of 8th week (embryo)
  • Lasts 6 wks
  • Placenta & extraembryonic membranes formed
  • The skin forms during 3rd week
  • End of 4th week, heart is pumping blood
    The most critical time of development
    Tissues differentiate & all the organ systems are
    formed by the end of this period (end of 8th week)
    1 inch (2.5 cm) long, weighs 1 gram
    Appears human
A

embryonic period

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17
Q

what are the 3 extraembryonic membranes formed during 1st 2-3 weeks?

Study These Flashcards
A

amnion, yolk sac, allantois, and chorion

18
Q

filled with amniotic fluid
* Completely surrounds the embryo
* Cushions & protects
* Allows symmetrical development, movement;
prevents parts from fusing together
* Initially, amniotic fluid comes from maternal blood;
later, fetal urine contributes to the volume
* Ruptures naturally or surgically (break)

19
Q

sac that hangs from ventral surface of embryo
forms part of digestive tube
source of earilest blood cells and blood vessels

20
Q

small outpouching at caudal end of yolk sac
structural basis for umbilical cord
becomes part of the urinary bladder

21
Q

develops villi that penetrate the endometrium
helps form placenta
eventually fuses with amnion
encloses embryonic body and all other membranes

22
Q
  • Develops from endometrium & the chorion
  • Fully functioning by end of embryonic period
  • Has nutritive, respiratory, & excretory role for embryo/fetus
  • Functions as temporary endocrine gland - secretes hCG,
    estrogen, progesterone
23
Q
  • The chorionic villi become very vascular & extend to the
    umbilical vessels
  • Umbilical cord connects to fetus (2 arteries, 1 vein)
  • Expelled as afterbirth
  • The membranes of the fetal capillaries & chorionic villi
    normally prevent actual mixing of maternal/fetal blood
  • These membranes serve as a barrier that protect
    the baby from harmful substances that may enter
    mother’s blood
  • However, alcohol, drugs, & some infectious agents
    can cross this barrier & cause injury
  • If placental hormones are inadequate, the
    pregnancy is aborted
24
Q

what does the maternal portion of the placenta include?

Study These Flashcards
A

decidua basalis
decidua capsularis

25
stratum functionalis of endometrium villi here increase in number as fetus grows
decidua basalis
26
portion of placenta that expands to accommodate fetus villi here degenerate as fetus grows
decidua capsularis
27
* Formation of body organs and systems * At week 8, all organ systems are recognizable
organogenesis
28
what is the specialization of the endoderm?
* Forms epithelial lining of GI tract * Organs become apparent (pharynx, esophagus, etc.) * oral/anal openings perforate * Mucosal lining of respiratory tract forms * Glands arise along the respiratory tract * Become epithelia linings in the urinary system and glands
29
what is the specialization of ectoderm?
* gives rise to brain and spinal cord (neurulation) * By day 22, the neural tube develops * Anterior end forms brain, rest forms spinal cord * Cranial, spinal and sympathetic ganglia and nerves form * Adrenal medulla cells form * Pigment cells of skin * Contributes to formation of connective tissue
30
what is the specialization of mesoderm?
* Development of vertebral column, vertebrae, ribs * Formation of dermis & tissues of limbs * Formation of skeletal muscles of neck, trunk, and limbs * Forms gonads and kidneys * Forms heart and blood vessels, most connective tissue and entire wall of digestive and respiratory organs
31
* Embryo has system of paired vessels * 2 vessels forming heart have fused and bend into “S” shape * Heart beats at 22 days (3.5 weeks)
end of week 3
32
bypasses liver; carries blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava
ductus venosus
33
opening in interatrial septum bypasses pulmonary circulation
foramen ovale
34
bypasses pulmonary circulation, carries blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
ductus arteriosus
35
when can sex be determined?
end of 16 weeks
35
when can mom feel baby?
20th week
36
skin covered with cheese like material
vernix caseosa
37
fine hair
lanugo
38
how long is full-term pregnancy?
40 weeks
39
what is premature?
less than 37 weeks
40
what is postmature?
41-42 weeks
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