Objectives

Question 1

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 1

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted

Question 2

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 2

Every transfer of energy increases entropy (disorder)

Question 3

Why is the Second Law of Thermodynamics important to cells?

Answer 3

Cells must obtain constant energy to stay in order

Question 4

What is an Endergonic Reaction?

Answer 4

A reaction that requires energy input

• Non Spontaneous

Question 5

What is an Exergonic Reaction?

Answer 5

A reaction that releases energy

• Spontaneous

Question 6

What is meant by endergonic and exergonic reactions being coupled reactions?

Answer 6

Energy released from exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions to occur

Question 7

What is the structure of ATP

Answer 7

Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphates

Question 8

Where is energy stored in ATP?

Answer 8

The Phosphate bonds

Question 9

What kind of reaction is
ATP → ADP + Pi + energy

Answer 9

Exergonic

Question 10

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 10

A chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons

Question 11

What is oxidation?

Answer 11

a molecule loses electrons

Question 12

What is reduction?

Answer 12

a molecule gains electrons

Question 13

What factors dictate diffusion?

Answer 13

temperature, concentration gradient, molecule size

Question 14

What is a selective permeable membrane?

Answer 14

A membrane that only allows small, non-polar molecules to pass through like O2 and CO2

Question 15

What is the direction of Diffusion?

What is an example?

Answer 15

high → low concentration

O2 across membrane

Question 16

Does diffusion require energy

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What is the direction of osmosis?

What is an example?

Answer 17

Water High → Low

Water balance

Question 18

Does osmosis require energy?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

What direction does facilitated diffusion move?

What is an example?

Answer 19

High → Low

Glucose via carrier

Question 20

Does facilitated diffusion require energy?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

What direction does active transport move?

Give an example

Answer 21

Low → High

Na+/K+ pump

Question 22

What does hypertonic mean? What happens to the cell?

Answer 22

More solute outside of the cell → water leaves the cell → cell shrinks

Question 23

What does hypotonic mean?
What happens to the cell?

Answer 23

Less solute outside of the cell → water enters the cell → cell swells or bursts

Question 24

What does isotonic mean?

Answer 24

Equal solute inside the cell and outside the cell so there is no net water movement

Question 25

What does endocytosis mean?

Answer 25

brings substances into the cell

Question 26

What does exocytosis mean?

Answer 26

expels substances out of cell

Question 27

What is the photosynthesis equation?

Answer 27

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 28

Where does each reactant come from in the photosynthesis equation?

Answer 28

CO2: from air H2O: absorbed by Light: the sun

Question 29

Function of chlorophyll

Answer 29

Pigment absorbing light (mainly blue/red) → transmits green

Question 30

Thylakoid function

Answer 30

Site of light reactions

Question 31

Granum function

Answer 31

Stack of thylakoids

Question 32

Stroma

Answer 32

Site of Calvin Cycle

Question 33

Rate of photosynthesis is affected by what factors?

Answer 33

light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature

Question 34

Where do light dependent reactions occur?

Answer 34

Thylakoid membrane

Question 35

What are the inputs and outputs of Light reactions?

Answer 35

Inputs: Light, H2O, ADP, NADP+ Outputs: O2, ATP, NADPH

Question 36

Where does the calvin cycle occur?

Answer 36

Strome

Question 37

What are the inputs and outputs of the calvin cycle?

Answer 37

Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH Outputs: G3P (used to make glucose)

Question 38

What are the three steps of the calvin cycle?

Answer 38

1. Carbon Fixation 2. Reduction (G3P Formed) 3. Regeneration of RuBP

Question 39

Why are light reactions and calvin cycles coupled?

Answer 39

ATP and NADPH are products from light reactions which fuel the calvin cycle

Question 40

What are the indicators of the rate photosynthesis is occuring

Answer 40

Uptake of CO2 and the release of O2

Question 41

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 41

C6H12O2+ 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP

Question 42

Where do the reactants of cellular respiration come from?

Answer 42

Glucose: from food O2: from breathing

Question 43

What two molecules carry electrons and hydrogen ions to the electron transport chain?

Answer 43

NAD+ and FAD

Question 44

What is NAD+ when it is reduced?

Answer 44

NADH

Question 45

What is FAD when it is reduced?

Answer 45

FADH2

Question 46

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 46

1. Glycolysis 2. Oxidation of Pyruvate 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 47

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 47

Cytoplasm

Question 48

What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?

Answer 48

Inputs: Glucose, 2ATP, 2NAD+ Outputs: 2 Pyruvate, 4ATP (Net 2), 2NADH

Question 49

Oxidation of Pyruvate Location

Answer 49

Mitochondria Matrix

Question 50

Inputs and outputs of Oxidation of Pyruvate

Answer 50

Inputs: 2 Pyruvate Outputs: 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

Question 51

Krebs Cycle Location

Answer 51

Mitochondria Matrix

Question 52

Krebs Cycle Inputs and outputs

Answer 52

Inputs: 2 Acetyl-CoA Outputs: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Question 53

Oxidative Phosphorylation Location

Answer 53

Inner Membrane

Question 54

Oxidative Phosphorylation inputs and outputs

Answer 54

Inputs: NADH, FADH2, O2 Outputs: ~28 ATP, H2O

Question 55

In the mitochondria, what do the Cristae look like and what do they do?

Answer 55

Look: Folds Do: house ETC, ATP synthase

Question 56

What does the Matrix produce in the Mitochondria?

Answer 56

enzymes for Krebs cycle

Question 57

What is the Inter membrane in the mitochondria do?

Answer 57

It is where the H+ gradient is formed

Question 58

What is the final electron acceptor in Oxidative Phosphorylation and what molecule is formed?

Answer 58

Oxygen H2O

Question 59

CO2 Carbon Source

Question 60

When does fermentation occur?

Question 61

What is pyruvate converted to during fermentation?

Answer 61

Lactate (animals) or ethanol + CO2 (yeast)

Question 62

What is the ATP Yield of fermentation?

Answer 62

2 per glucose, only from glycolysis

Question 63

What is the final electron receptor in fermentation?

Answer 63

Pyruvate or acetaldehyde

Question 64

What does Obligate Aerobe mean?

Answer 64

To require O2

Question 65

What does Obligate Anaerobe mean?

Answer 65

Dies in O2

Question 66

What does Facultative Anaerobe mean?

Answer 66

ability to switch between aerobic and anaerobic

Question 67

How does temperature affect the yeast respiration rate?

Answer 67

Temp rises= rate until enzymes denature rises

Question 68

How does sugar availability affect the yeast respiration rate?

Answer 68

Sugar availability rises= rate (more substrate) rises

Question 69

How does oxygen level affect the yeast respiration rate?

Answer 69

Oxygen levels lower= yeast switches to fermentation (less ATP)

Question 70

What is the difference between photosynthesis and respiration?

Answer 70

Photosynthesis stores energy and Respiration releases energy