what is the population in Odisha
43 million
How long is the coastline in Odisha
450 km
what is a delta
Deltas are wetlands that form as rivers empty their water and sediment into another body of water. The usualy form when at a river mouth.
Mahanadi
name 3 economic opportunities in Odisha
- Bird sanctuary in chilka lake attracts 40 000 tourists each year
- Large stocks of fish and Olive Ridley turtles- many local people are employed in coastal fishing and increasingly in aquaculture such as shrimps and tiger prawns
- opportunities for offshore oil and natural gas in the Bay of Bengal
What role do the mangroves play?
- adapted to harsh coastal condition provide protective belts that shelter villages from the worst events of tropical storms
- however mangroves trapping sediment could lead to further down depletion of sediment = higher risk of erosion
Risks for human development
- increasing rates of erosion
- 3 million homes are at risk as a result of rising sea levels and storm surges
temporal change in Odisha
natural seasonal variations occur,
- with a build up of sediment along beaches and barrier beaches in the summer during low-energy wave conditions and erosion
- in the winter when high-energy destructive waves remove sediments and deposits them offshore
The 2011 shoreline change assessment carried out by the Ministry of Environment and forests concluded that
Any attempt to halt natural processes with hard engineering structures was likely to only shift the problem elsewhere- only 14% of the coastline was found to be stable
What are the aims of the Odisha ICZM?
- establish sustainable levels of economic and social activity including fishing and the development of ecotourism
- maintaining sediment flow, measuring employment trends, monitor number of threatened species)
- protect coastal environment
What have inter-organisational consultations done to help prevent over exploitation
Greenpeace India (NGO) has also been involved in meetings about income generation and the management of marine resources.
They have joined together with local farmers and fishers to prevent the over exploitation of fish
What is the government doing to mitigate against the damages of climate change
Communities are being trained to plant mangrove nurseries and given incentives to protect them
what is a ria
a drowned river valley that occurs when eustatic sea level change occurs
characteristics of a ria
- profile similar to a river valley
- dendritic drainage sytem
- valley is filled with sea water
what is a fjord
a drowned glacial valley that occurs when eustatic sea level change occurs. they are often found on the coasts of New Zealand and Norway.
fords are glacial
characteristics of a fjord
- U shaped valler a less steep sided
- much deeper than a ria
- has a threshold at the mouth as this is where the glacier has stopped meaning it is not deep as the mouth.
draw a cross section of both ria and fjord
ria- drowned river valley. lot more shallow
fjord- drowned glacial valley and a lot steeper
what is a coastline of emergence
when sea levels have decreased (isostatic rebound)
what is a coastline of submergence
when sea levels have increased
what is a raised beach
- a former wave cut platform
2. sea levels have retreated to expose them.
outline the processes of sub Ariel weathering in the development of coastal landscapes
- Weathering is the breaking down of rock in situ and there are three types of weathering processes
- biological- when the root of a plant grows into the soil it can widen the gaps in the rock
- mechanical - freeze thaw weathering. water gets into the cracks which then freezes then expands
- chemical weathering. rainfall can contain dissolved carbon which is acidic. this may erode limestone features on the coastline
Introduction
Odisha is located on the east coast of India and it has lost 28 per cent, of its 485-km-long coastline between 2000 and 2016 to sea water ingression
Changing wind patterns are causing high tidal waves and inundating habitable areas.
how many hectares worth of mangroves have been put in place on the Odisha coastline
- there is already 21,900 hectares protecting areas of importance such as the Chilika lake
- plans emplace to put 4000 more on the Odisha coastline
what is accretion
Accretion is the accumulation of sand as waves lose their energy and deposit their material
Accretion has benefited humans in extending land out from shorelines and being able to make more land for human activity and living. This has also posed a problem; over accretion can harm marine life in those areas which are not used to sudden changes in the environment.
what is the biggest mangrove ecosystem
Bhitarkanika wetlands
