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Question 1

What is the functional group of an alkene?

Answer 1

C=C

Question 2

What is the functional group of a halogenoalkane?

Answer 2

C–Cl, C–Br, C–I

Question 3

What is the functional group of an alcohol?

Answer 3

–OH

Question 4

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

Answer 4

–CHO

Question 5

What is the functional group of a ketone?

Answer 5

C=O (within chain)

Question 6

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

Answer 6

–COOH

Question 7

What is the functional group of an ester?

Answer 7

–COO–

Question 8

What is the functional group of an acyl chloride?

Answer 8

–COCl

Question 9

What is the functional group of an amine?

Answer 9

–NH₂

Question 10

What is the functional group of an amide?

Answer 10

–CONH₂ (or –CONHR / –CONR₂)

Question 11

What is the functional group of a nitrile?

Answer 11

–C≡N

Question 12

What is the functional group of benzene?

Answer 12

Aromatic ring

Question 13

What is the functional group of nitrobenzene?

Answer 13

–NO₂ on benzene

Question 14

Alkane → Halogenoalkane (conditions + mechanism)?

Answer 14

Free radical substitution; UV light + Cl₂/Br₂

Question 15

Alkane → Alkene (how?)

Answer 15

Cracking using zeolite at ~450°C

Question 16

Alkene → Halogenoalkane

Answer 16

Electrophilic addition with HBr/Br₂

Question 17

Alkene → Alcohol

Answer 17

Hydration with steam + H₃PO₄/H₂SO₄ catalyst

Question 18

Alkene → Alkane

Answer 18

Hydrogenation: H₂, Ni catalyst, 150°C

Question 19

Halogenoalkane → Alcohol

Answer 19

Nucleophilic substitution with aqueous KOH

Question 20

Halogenoalkane → Alkene

Answer 20

Elimination using ethanolic KOH + heat

Question 21

Halogenoalkane → Nitrile

Answer 21

Nucleophilic substitution, KCN in ethanol, reflux

Question 22

Halogenoalkane → Amine

Answer 22

Nucleophilic substitution with NH₃ (ethanolic), heat, excess NH₃

Question 23

Alcohol → Alkene

Answer 23

Dehydration using H₂SO₄ + heat

Question 24

Primary alcohol → Aldehyde

Answer 24

Oxidation, distil with K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄

Question 25

Primary alcohol → Carboxylic acid

Answer 25

Oxidation, reflux with K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄

Question 26

Secondary alcohol → Ketone

Answer 26

Oxidation, reflux with K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄

Question 27

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid → Ester

Answer 27

Esterification using conc. H₂SO₄

Question 28

Aldehyde → Alcohol

Answer 28

Reduction using NaBH₄ Nucleophilic addition

Question 29

Ketone → Alcohol

Answer 29

Reduction using NaBH₄

Question 30

Aldehyde/Ketone → Hydroxynitrile

Answer 30

Nucleophilic addition with HCN or NaCN + H₂SO₄

Question 31

Carboxylic acid → Ester

Answer 31

Alcohol + conc. H₂SO₄

Question 32

Ester → Alcohol + Carboxylic acid

Answer 32

Acid hydrolysis (H⁺/H₂O)

Question 33

Ester → Alcohol + Carboxylate salt

Answer 33

Alkaline hydrolysis (NaOH)

Question 34

Acyl chloride → Amide

Answer 34

NH₃ (addition–elimination)

Question 35

Acyl chloride → Ester

Answer 35

Alcohol (addition–elimination)

Question 36

Acyl chloride → Carboxylic acid

Answer 36

Hydrolysis with water

Question 37

Nitrile → Amine

Answer 37

Reduction: LiAlH₄ in ether OR H₂/Ni

Question 38

Nitrile → Carboxylic acid

Answer 38

Hydrolysis (H⁺/H₂O or NaOH)

Question 39

Benzene → Nitrobenzene

Answer 39

Electrophilic substitution: conc. HNO₃ + conc. H₂SO₄

Question 40

Nitrobenzene → Phenylamine

Answer 40

Reduction: Sn/HCl under reflux, then NaOH

Question 41

Phenylamine → N-substituted amide

Answer 41

Reaction with acyl chloride

Question 42

Benzene → Aryl ketone

Answer 42

Friedel–Crafts acylation: acyl chloride + AlCl₃

Question 43

Convert alkene → nitrile

Answer 43

Alkene → Halogenoalkane → Nitrile

Question 44

Convert alcohol → amine

Answer 44

Alcohol → Halogenoalkane → Amine

Question 45

Convert carboxylic acid → amide

Answer 45

Carboxylic acid → Acyl chloride → Amide

Question 46

Why can't ketones be oxidised further?

Answer 46

No C–H bond on carbonyl carbon