OINTMENTS

Question 1

Pharmaceutical preparations with properties between solid and liquid, intended for external application to skin or mucous membranes.

Answer 1

Semi-solid dosage forms

Question 2

Primary Site of Application

Answer 2

Skin – the largest organ, providing both local and systemic effects.

Question 3

Semi-solid preparations intended for external application to skin or mucous membranes; can be medicated or unmedicated.

Answer 3

Ointments

Question 4

Anhydrous, insoluble in water, greasy, difficult to wash off, occlusive, emollient.
Petrolatum, White petrolatum, Yellow/White ointment, Mineral oil

Answer 4

Oleaginous (Hydrocarbon) Base

Question 5

Absorbs water to form w/o emulsions.
Hydrophilic petrolatum, Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin)

Answer 5

Absorption Base (Anhydrous)

Question 6

Already contains water; emollient and mildly occlusive; not easily washed off.
Hydrous wool fat (lanolin), Cold cream, Aquaphor, Polysorb, Eucerin, Nivea

Answer 6

Absorption Base (w/o emulsion)

Question 7

Water washable, non-greasy, non-occlusive; absorbs water.
Hydrophilic ointment, Vanishing cream

Answer 7

Water-removable Base (o/w emulsion)

Question 8

Greaseless, water-washable, absorb water to solubility limit; used for solid incorporation.
PEG ointment (PEG 3350 + PEG 400), Polybase

Answer 8

Water-soluble Base

Question 9

Mixing components using spatulation, mortar and pestle, or mechanical mixer.

Answer 9

Incorporation

Question 10

Melting ingredients together, then cooling with stirring to ensure uniformity.

Answer 10

Fusion

Question 11

must meet standards for purity.

Answer 11

Microbial content –

Question 12

container should meet specified volume.

Answer 12

Minimum fill

Question 13

ensures product safety.

Answer 13

Toxicity test

Question 14

checks for skin reactions.

Answer 14

Irritancy test

Question 15

Semi-solid emulsions containing medicinal agents for external use; easier to apply and remove than ointments.

Answer 15

Creams

Question 16

water-washable (vanishing cream)

Answer 16

o/w (oil-in-water)

Question 17

more emollient and occlusive (cold cream)

Answer 17

w/o (water-in-oil)

Question 18

Semi-solid systems with one or more active ingredients dispersed in a hydrophilic or hydrophobic base.

Answer 18

Gels (Jellies) =

Question 19

Organic; no visible boundaries.

Answer 19

Single-phase gel

Question 20

Inorganic; has small distinct particles.

Answer 20

Two-phase gel (Magma)

Question 21

– becomes fluid when shaken, returns to semi-solid when standing.

Answer 21

Thixotropy

Question 22

Carbomers (Carbopol 910, 934, 934P, 940, 941, 1342), Acacia, Bentonite, CMC, HPMC, Gelatin, Tragacanth, Xanthan gum, Poloxamers, etc.

Answer 22

Common Gelling Agents

Question 23

Fluid colloidal system of a solid dispersed in a liquid.

Answer 23

Sol

Question 24

Scattering of light by colloidal particles.

Answer 24

Tyndall effect

Question 25

Solvent-loving; stable colloids.

Answer 25

Lyophilic

Question 26

Solvent-hating; unstable colloids.

Answer 26

Lyophobic

Question 27

Absorption of liquid without dissolving.

Answer 27

Imbibition

Question 28

Uptake of liquid with volume increase.

Answer 28

Swelling

Question 29

Shrinkage with separation of liquid.

Answer 29

Syneresis

Question 30

Reversible gel-to-sol transformation when agitated.

Answer 30

Thixotropy

Question 31

Dried gel after solvent removal.

Answer 31

Xerogel

Question 32

Thick, stiff semi-solids with ≥25% powder; less greasy and more absorptive than ointments.

Answer 32

Pastes

Question 33

Solid or semi-solid adhesive masses spread on fabric, paper, or plastic for external application.

Answer 33

Plasters

Question 34

Plastic masses containing gelatin, glycerin, and water with medicinal agents.

Answer 34

Glycerogelatins