All of the following are assumptions of Donders’ subtraction method EXCEPT:
- pure insertion -additivity
- lack of correspondence -know what the stages are
lack of correspondence
In a sleep deprivation study, 20 participants were allowed to sleep for 3 hours while another 20 participants were allowed to sleep for 8 hours. Participants’ accuracy on a memory task was measured the next day. In this experiment, the amount of sleep allowed was:
- the independent variable -the dependent variable
- a main effect -an interaction
the independent variable
Paradoxical correspondence happens when the ____ does not match the ______.
- distal stimulus; illusion
- distal stimulus; percept
- proximal stimulus; percept
- percept; illusion
proximal stimulus; percept
Kamin has just had eye surery and has to wear a patch over one eye. Which depth cue might she have trouble with?
- relative style
- retinal disparity
- accomodation
- linear perspective
retinal disparity
Which of the following statement is TRUE?
- A distal stimulus is physically in the real world; a proximal stimulus is the pattern made on the viewer’s sense organs
- A proximal stimulus is physically in the real world; a distal stimulus is the pattern made on viewer’s sense organs
- In a lack or correspondence, the distal stimulus matches the percept
- all of the above
-A distal stimulus is physically in the real world; a proximal stimulus is the pattern made on the viewer’s sense organs
According to constructivism, our perceptions are driven:
- solely by stimuli from the external environment (bottom-up)
- purely by our previous knowledge and expectations (top-down)
- by both external stimuli and previous knowledge (both bottom-up and top-down)
- by a cortical homunculus residing in the occipital lobe
-by both external stimuli and previous knowledge (both bottom-up and top-down)
Which of the following statements about neurons is FALSE?
- The soma, or cell body, control the cell’s metabolism
- The axon releases neurotransmitter into the synapse
- The dendrites receive information from other neurons
- All of the above are true about neurons
-The axon releases neurotransmitter into the synapse
Suppose you record from a ganglion cell in the visual system. Under what conditions might you expect the cell’s firing rate to be inhibited or “turned off”?
- an object enters the center of the cell’s receptive field
- an object enters the surround of a cell’s receptive field
- either a or b
- none of the above; neural firing may only be excite, not inhibited
-either a or b
Select the order in which information travels from the retina to the brain:
- LGN->photoreceptors->occipital lobe->ganglion cells
- photoreceptors->ganglion cells->LGN->occipital lobe
- photoreceptors->LGN->occipital lobe->ganglion cells
- ganglion cells->photoreceptors->LGN->occipital lobe
photoreceptors->ganglion cells->LGN->occipital lobe
This approach to pattern recogntion takes into account the relationships between the features of an object.
- feature theory -template theory
- recognition by components theory
- pandemonium model
recognition by components theory
Which of the following is a problem for the Feature Theory of pattern recognition?
- People can recognize objects from different viewpoints
- Stabilized retinal images fade from awareness in chunks, not all at once
- David Letterman’s caricature does not look like him at all (don’t choose this one)
- Different arrangements of the same features can produce different objects
Different arrangements of the same features can produce different objects
Which of the following best describes the word superiority effect?
- Words are easier to identify than letters
- Letters are easier to identify in a word than alone
- The chances of correctly guessing the identify of a letter are better when it appears at the end of a word that when it appears at the beginning
- Letters are easier to identify that words
Letters are easier to identify in a word than alone
Nancy is a participant in a dichotic listening task. According to Broadbent and his early filter theory, she should not show any processing of the unattended message EXCEPT WHEN:
- Nancy is bilingual and the unattended message has the same meaning (in her second language) as the attended message
- the word “Nancy” appears in the unattended message
- the unattended message is about somethings that Nancy finds very interesting
- none of the above; Nancy should remember nothing about the unattended message
-none of the above; Nancy should remember nothing about the unattended message
Which of the following statements about controlled and automatic processing is FALSE?
- Controlled processes tend to be used for difficult tasks and automatic processes tend to be used for easy tasks.
- Controlled processes operate in parallel and automatic processes do not.
- Controlled processes require intentional effort and automatic processes do not
- Controlled processes consume attentional resources and automatic processes consume few resources
-Controlled processes operate in parallel and automatic processes do not
According to Feature Intergration Theory, which visual search task is likely to take the LONGEST?
- Finding a red L among 8 blue L’s
- Finding a red L among 8 blue T’s
- Finding a red L among 8 red T’s
- Finding a red L among 4 blue L’s and 4 blue T’s
- Finding a red L among 4 blue L’s and 4 red T’s
Finding a red L among 4 blue L’s and 4 red T’s
According to this theory, unattended auditory information is filtered out after it is processed for meaning.
- Broadbent’s early filter theory
- Triesman’s attenuation theory
- Triesman’s feature integration model
- Late filter theory
Late filter theory
Which of the following is CORRECT about conjunction search?
- The target seems to pop-out
- It takes about the same time regardless of the number of distractors
- It is faster than feature search
- None of above
none of the above
All of the following are examples of top-down processing effect EXCEPT:
- seeing a walking man or women from some moving dots on a screen
- viewing an item as a ‘B’ or as a ‘13’ depending on what is written next to it
- letters are more easily recognized when part of a word vs. alone
- viewing ambiguous figures in different ways depending on your expectations
-seeing a walking man or women from some moving dots on a screen
Tolman’s experiment from lecture in which rats learned a route to food suggested that:
- all rat learning is based on associating stimuli with responses
- the rats created a spatial representation of the maze
- the only learned the sequence of turns necessary to find the food
- the rats have an inborn sense of where the food is in the maze
-the rats created a spatial representation of the maze
Which of the following is a situation in which visual memory is likely to be poor?
- when stimulus details are unimportant to the subject’s goals
- when there are distinct alternatives
- when distractors are similar to the targets
- both a and c
- both a and b
both a and c
According to the Dual Code Hypothesis, which of these statements is TRUE?
- Memory is bad when distractors are similar because the visual code doesn’t help as much
- abstract and concrete words are remembers equal as well
- memory is bad for unattended detail because we create a verbal code for them
- memory for detailed photos should be better than memory for stick figure drawing
Memory is bad when distractors are similar because the visual code doesn’t help as much
prosopagnosia
facial blindness
Which of the following is evidence that perception and imagery are NOT exactly alike?
- perception provides better metric information that imagery does
- it is easier to pick out parts of perceptual objects that imagined objects
- we are better at seeing both versions of an ambiguous figure from perception that from imagery
- all of the above are examples that perception and imagery are not exactly alike
-all of the above are examples that perception and imagery are not exactly alike
In Kosslyn’s initial image scanning study, it could have been the case that subjects noticed what experimenter’s wanted and acted accordinigly, or that experimenter’s expectations biased the results. These are examples of______.
- demand characteristics
- independent variables
- dependent variables
- interactions
demand characteristics
