olfactory and limbic systems

Question 1

olfactory sensory neurons

Answer 1

• no circuitry or synapses in the epithelium
• receptors have axons (thin, unmyelinated, slow) that project directly to the olfactory bulb

Question 2

how often do receptors die and be replaced

Answer 2

every 60 days

Question 3

can sensory cells regenerate

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

where are first order neurons located

Answer 4

between receptors and olfactory bulbs

Question 5

second order neurons synapse with ? in ?

Answer 5

tuftal and mitral cells; olfactory glomerulus

Question 6

bipolar neurons

Answer 6

second order neurons

Question 7

olfactory nerve components

Answer 7

bipolar nerves with unmyelinated axons

Question 8

principal neurons of the olfactory bulb

Answer 8

mitral and tuftal cells

Question 9

aromatic compounds recognize ?

Answer 9

particular receptors

Question 10

aromatic compounds travel where ?

Answer 10

particular glomerulus

Question 11

glomerulus

Answer 11

basic processing component of the olfactory bulb

Question 12

polysynaptic structure of olfactory bulb function

Answer 12

ensuring conversion of specific olfactory impulses to the mitral and tuft cells

Question 13

periglomerular and granular cell function

Answer 13

mediate local and lateral inhibition

Question 14

where is the olfactory tract located

Answer 14

in the olfactory sulcus

Question 15

what does the olfactory tract contain

Answer 15

the axons of mitral and tufted cells

Question 16

where does the olfactory tract run

Answer 16

to olfactory trigone

Question 17

second order olfactory nerves transmit info to ? via ?

Answer 17

olfactory stria; olfactory tract

Question 18

olfactory tract projects via ? to ? on the base of the frontal/medial temporal lobe

Answer 18

stria; olfactory cortex

Question 19

largest olfactory stria

Answer 19

lateral olfactory stria

Question 20

lateral olfactory stria

Answer 20

• to primary olfactory cortex (piriform cortex)/parahippocampal gyrus on temporal lobe
• conscious awareness (recognition) of odor

Question 21

uncinate fit

Answer 21

• temporal lobe epilepsy
• seizures with elaborate and multiple sensory, motor, and/or psychic components

Question 22

what precedes uncinate fits

Answer 22

hallucinations of disagreeable odors

Question 23

types of olfactory strias

Answer 23

• lateral olfactory stra
• medial olfactory stria
• intermediate olfactory stria

Question 24

medial olfactory stria

Answer 24

• to septal area/lower, posterior part of the medial surface of the frontal lobe
• olfactovisceral reflexes

Question 25

intermediate olfactory stria

Answer 25

- olfactory tubercle - reward behavior

Question 26

anterior commissure function

Answer 26

connects two halves of the olfactory system (anterior to the columns of the fornix)

Question 27

what does the insula recieve

Answer 27

taste input from the medial part of vpm of thalamus (flavor)

Question 28

orbitofrontal cortex function

Answer 28

furthers conscious smell olfactory perception

Question 29

olfactory pathway

Answer 29

Question 30

how does the limbic system operate

Answer 30

influencing endocrine system and autonomic nervous system

Question 31

limbic system functions

Answer 31

- control emotions and emotional responses - mood - motivation - pain and pleasure sensations

Question 32

limbic system links complex goal directed behavior to ...

Answer 32

primitive, instinctive behavior, important for survival

Question 33

cortical areas of limbic system

Answer 33

- septal area - cingulate gyrus - parahippocampal gyrus

Question 34

deeper structures of limbic system

Answer 34

- hippocampal formation and fornix - amygdala - mammillary bodies - anterior nuclei of the thalamus

Question 35

hypothalamus

Answer 35

- maintain homeostasis - stimulation produces behaviors seen in other limbic areas (rage, aggression, docile behaviors)

Question 36

thalamus

Answer 36

- relays sensory information to limbic system - connects brainstem to cerebrum/relay center

Question 37

amygdala

Answer 37

- emotion, reproduction, fear, aggression - modulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine systems - stimulation can produce rage

Question 38

hippocampus

Answer 38

- memory conversion - associative learning and memory (memory acquisition and short term memory)

Question 39

limbic structures are interconnected by ...

Answer 39

- fornix - mammillothalamic tract - stria terminalis - cingulum

Question 40

hippocampus damage results in

Answer 40

amnesia

Question 41

amygdala lesion result

Answer 41

docile behavior

Question 42

kluver-bucy syndrome

Answer 42

- ignore social conventions - bilateral lesions of the anterior temporal lobe

Question 43

how is the amygdala connected to the hypothalamus

Answer 43

stria terminalis

Question 44

what is the amygdala directly connected to

Answer 44

thalamus and neocortex

Question 45

septal area components

Answer 45

- septal nucleus - septum pellucidum - small portion of neocortex - relief of fear, docile behavior, stress

Question 46

septum pellucim

Answer 46

thin membrane between 2 lateral ventricles

Question 47

septal area lesion result

Answer 47

rage and aggressive behavior

Question 48

what is the septal area connected to

Answer 48

hypothalamus and hippocampus (fornix)

Question 49

cingulate gyrus

Answer 49

- overlies corpus callosum - control of emotional and visceral responses, aggressive behavior

Question 50

how does the cingulate gyrus connected with the hypothalamus

Answer 50

mammillothalamic tract

Question 51

what is the cingulate gyrus connected to

Answer 51

anterior nuclear group of the thalamus through thalamic radiations

Question 52

papez circuit

Answer 52

Question 53

how are papez circuit functions mediated

Answer 53

through hypothalamus and autonomic nervous system

Question 54

diseases related to the limbic system

Answer 54

- acquired disorders - dementia - neuropsychiatric disorders

Question 55

acquired disorders (limbic system)

Answer 55

- violence - suicidal behavior - agitation - mood swings

Question 56

dementia

Answer 56

degeneration of limbic system structures (may be genesis of other neurodegenerative disorders)

Question 57

neuropsychiatric disorders

Answer 57

- anxiety - schizophrenia - psychopathic disorders

Question 58

olfactory nerve versus olfactory tract

Answer 58

- olfactory bulb is a relay station for the transmission of the impulse coming from the olfactory nerve - from the olfactory bulb, impulses then travel through the olfactory tract - olfactory tract divides into the medial and lateral olfactory striae, then connects to the olfactory cortex