On earth

Question 1

What is the biosphere?

Answer 1

Layers of live exists on earth

Question 2

Name the components of the biosphere?

Answer 2

Lithosphere: soil and rocks
Hydrosphere: water
Atmosphere: gasses

Question 3

Name the seven life processes:

Answer 3

1. Nutrition - nutrients necessary for growth
2. Growth - growing, replacing, repairing
3. Reproduction - living things can produce
4. Respiration - energy released from glucose
5. Excretion - getting rid of waste products
6. Sensitivity - detecting changes in surrounding area
7. Movement - to move and change position

Question 4

Name the requirements for sustaining life:

Answer 4

1. Energy
2. Gases
3. Water
4. Soil
5. Favourable temperature

Question 5

Name the five kingdoms of living organisms:

Answer 5

1. Bacteria - single cell organism without a nucleus
2. Protista - single cell organism with nucleus
3. Fungi - organisms that cannot photosynthesise
4. Plants - organisms that can photosynthesise
5. Animals - organisms that are consumers

Question 6

Name the five classes of vertebrates and give examples of each:

Answer 6

Fish:  Shark
Amphibians:  Frog
Reptiles:  Crocodile
Birds:  Ostrich
Mammals:  Human

Question 7

Arthropods

Answer 7

1. Most common animals.
2. Hard exoskeleton made from chitin.
3. Segmented bodies.
4. Jointed legs.
5. Jointed appendages.
6. 3 classes - insects, crustaceans, arachnoids

Question 8

What is an angiosperm?

Answer 8

Angiosperms are flowering plants. They produce flowers which develop into seeds that can grow into new flowering plants.

Question 9

What is a gymnosperm?

Answer 9

The word gymnosperm means ‘naked seed’. Plants with cones. Reproduce with seeds.

Question 10

What is monocotyledons?

Answer 10

Fibrous root.
Parallel veined leaves.
Flowers divided into 3 or 6 parts.
Mealie.

Question 11

What is dicotyledons?

Answer 11

Tap root.
Net veined leaves.
Flowers in multiples of 4 or 5.
Beans.

Question 12

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 12

A sentence that describes what you think the result of an investigation will be.

Question 13

What is pollination?

Answer 13

The transfer of pollen between plants of the same species for fertilisation

Question 14

Factors that facilitate pollination:

Answer 14

1. Pollination by pollinators such as insects, birds and mammals.
2. Pollination by wind.
3. Pollination by water.

Question 15

Hormone

Answer 15

A regulatory substance produced in an organ

Question 16

Examples of invertebrates:

Answer 16

1. Molluscs: snails
2. Arthropods: insects
3. Echinoderms: for example sea urchins

Question 17

Plant Classification

Answer 17

1. Seed-Bearing - Gymnosperm
   - Angiosperm: Dicotyledons (2)
   : Monocotyledons (1)
2. Non-seed bearing - Algae
   - Fern
   - Mosses

Question 18

Name the structures of a flower: (sketch and label)

Answer 18

Pistil - Female reproductive part
Stamen - Male reproductive part
Anther - (male) produces pollen
Filament - (male) lifts the anther to the top of the flower
Stigma - (female) collects pollen from the male parts
Style - (female) long tube connecting stigma to ovary
Ovary - (female) contains the ovules

Question 19

What is fertilisation?

Answer 19

After pollination, the male sex cell in the pollen grain needs to fuse with a female sex cell in the ovary to produce a fertile seed.

Question 20

Human reproductive organs:

Answer 20

In males, the reproductive organs include the penis and two testes hanging in a pouch or bag of skin called the scrotum.
The female reproductive organs include the vagina, uterus, two fallopian tubes (oviducts) and two ovaries.

Question 21

What is pregnancy?

Answer 21

When the male sperm and the female egg cell fuse is referred to as the moment of conception, or fertilisation, and this leads to pregnancy as the baby starts to develop.

Question 22

Examples of physical properties of materials:

Answer 22

1. Strenght
2. Boiling and melting points.
3. Flexibility.
4. Electrical conductivity.
5. Heat conductivity.

Question 23

The definition of boiling point:

Answer 23

The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapour. Liquid changes into gas.

Question 24

The definition of melting point:

Answer 24

The temperature at which a given solid will melt. Solid into liquid.

Question 25

Electrical conductivity:

Answer 25

The property of carrying electricity.

Question 26

Heat conductivity:

Answer 26

Heat conduction is the transfer of thermal energy between objects that are touching.

Question 27

Separation methods:

Answer 27

1. By hand. 2. Sieving or Filtration: the size of the grains of one substance must be larger than the other. 3. Magnet: If one substance is magnetic and the other non-magnetic. 4. Evaporation: 5. Simple distillation: when you need to collect a pure solvent. 6. Fractional distillation: if 2 liquids have different boiling points. 7. Chromatography: separation of different colour pigments.

Question 28

What are mixtures?

Answer 28

A mixture is an impure substance made up of 2 or more substances with different physical properties.

Question 29

What is acids?

Answer 29

Sour taste, rough feel on skin, corrosive. Eg. lemon juice, vinegar, pool acid.

Question 30

What is bases?

Answer 30

Bitter taste, slippery feel on skin. Corrosive. Eg. soap, washing powder, ammonia.

Question 31

What is neutrals?

Answer 31

pH 7 is a neutral substance. Neither an acid nor a base. Eg. pure water, cooking oil

Question 32

Properties of metals (left hand side of the table)?

Answer 32

1. Shiny 2. Malleable, not brittle. 3. Solid at room temperature, except mercury. 4. High boiling and melting points.

Question 33

Properties of non-metals and semi-metals?

Answer 33

1. Vary, depending on their natural state is in solid, liquid or gas. 2. Dull. 3. Weak and brittle.

Question 34

Definition of element:

Answer 34

A pure substance that cannot be broken down any further.

Question 35

``` Acids: Bromothymol blue Red litmus Blue litmus Universal indicator ```

Answer 35

Bromothymol blue - yellow Red litmus - red Blue litmus - red Universal indicator - red, orange, yellow

Question 36

``` Neutrals: Bromothymol blue Red litmus Blue litmus Universal indicator ```

Answer 36

Bromothymol blue - green Red litmus - red Blue litmus - blue Universal indicator - green

Question 37

``` Base: Bromothymol blue Red litmus Blue litmus Universal indicator ```

Answer 37

Bromothymol blue - blue Red litmus - blue Blue litmus - blue Universal indicator - blue, violet, purple

Question 38

The land snail (sketch and labels)

Answer 38

1. The head: 2 tentacles with simple eyes 2 antennae sensitive to touch and smell T-shaped mouth called radula uses this tongue for eating 2. The foot: Wave-like movements Slime gland spread slime 3. Visceral hump: Internal organs protected by hump Opening for breathing that leads into the hump

Question 39

The definition of breed:

Answer 39

A group of animals or plants within a species that have a similar appearance.

Question 40

The definition of variations:

Answer 40

The difference in living things of the same species.

Question 41

The definition of impure substance:

Answer 41

Substance which is made up of particles with different properties.

Question 42

The definition of pure substance:

Answer 42

Substance with the same particles.

Question 43

The definition of solutions:

Answer 43

A liquid mixture in which a small amount of the substance is dissolved.

Question 44

The Periodic Table of Elements:

Answer 44

A chart that categorises all the elements that make up matter and materials.