Opposition

Question 1

How did AII face opposition from the peasants?

Answer 1

Peasant uprisings after the Crimean war

Question 2

Who were the Populists (AII)?

Answer 2

Agrarian socialism - peasant commune + basics of a ‘good society’
= failed opposition as peasants not interested

Question 3

Who were Land and Liberty (AII)?

Answer 3

Secret organisations, centrally run with ‘cells’ in various religions

Question 4

Who were The People’s Will (AII)?

Answer 4

Terrorist organisation

- assassination of AII in 1881

Question 5

What were the reasons for opposition under AII?

Answer 5

• Failed reforms e.g. emancipation
• Want for increased reform
• No legal platform for opposition

Question 6

Who were the SRs (AIII)?

Answer 6

Political group - included workers and an emphasis on peasants

Question 7

Who were the SDs (AIII)?

Answer 7

1903 party split:

• Mensheviks = slow approach to revolution and prepared to cooperate with socialists
• Bolsheviks = speed up process of revolution and refused to cooperate with socialists

Question 8

What opposition did AIII face?

Answer 8

• Assassination attempts
• SRs and SDs
• Opposition remains illegal

Question 9

What opposition did NII faced in 1905?

Answer 9

Bloody Sunday = workers opposition

Question 10

When was opposition made legal?

Answer 10

1905 - October Manifesto + creation of Duma

Question 11

What was the Lena Gold Fields?

Answer 11

1912 = massacre of workers

Question 12

Why was there less opposition in 1914?

Answer 12

Beginning of the war = patriotism and unity

Question 13

How does WWI increase opposition?

Answer 13

• Generals beging to oppose NII
• Population dissatisfied
• Influence of Rasputin and Alexandria

Question 14

Why was opposition successful during the abdication of NII in Feb 1917?

Answer 14

Opposition groups united and were not fragmented

Question 15

Why did the PG face little opposition?

Answer 15

Political amnesty

BUT PG was not legitimate

Question 16

Who was the PG biggest opposition?

Answer 16

The PS = rivalry + control of the army (dual authority)

Question 17

What were the July Days?

Answer 17

1917: Kornilov
- Popular protest against the war
- Opposition to policies not the government

Question 18

How was the October Revolution successful?

Answer 18

Overthrew the government

Question 19

What internal opposition did Lenin face?

Answer 19

• Within the party
• Intelligentsia
• Factions e.g. Platform of 46

Question 20

What external opposition did Lenin face?

Answer 20

• Non-party
• Intelligenstia
• Nationalist groups
• Religions
• Whites
• Kronstadt sailors

Question 21

What were the results of the November 1917 Constitute Assembly?

Answer 21

50% SRs 25% Bolsheviks

Question 22

Who was Fanny Kaplan?

Answer 22

An SR who tried to assassinate Lenin

Question 23

What happened as a result of the assassination attempt on Lenin?

Answer 23

Red Terror = foundation of terror

Question 24

How did Lenin face more opposition than any other leader?

Answer 24

Civil War

Question 25

What was the ban on factions?

Answer 25

1921: | No democracy in party - prevents internal opposition

Question 26

Who were the Left Opposition?

Answer 26

1923-27 = Trotsky and his supporters

Question 27

Who were the United Opposition?

Answer 27

1926: Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev

Question 28

Who did Stalin face opposition from?

Answer 28

- Kulaks - Nationalists - Old Bolsheviks (e.g. Kirov murdered 1934) - General population

Question 29

How did Stalin deal with opposition?

Answer 29

Terror: | - Police state = most too scared to publicly announce opposition

Question 30

What internal opposition did Khrushchev face?

Answer 30

Military, party, bureaucracy = party opposed to reform

Question 31

What external opposition did Khrushchev face?

Answer 31

Hungarian uprising 1956

Question 32

How did illegality of opposition cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

Answer 32

- opposition much more dangerous | - increased reactionary nature of the state

Question 33

How did Russification cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

Answer 33

Opposition among the nationalities

Question 34

How did economic growth cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

Answer 34

- M/C with political demands | - Urban poverty + discontent

Question 35

How did reforms to judiciary and zemstva cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

Answer 35

- Opportunities for participation in politics for the m/c/intelligentsia

Question 36

How did education ad literacy cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

Answer 36

- Spread of new ideas and criticism | - Access to ideas from the west

Question 37

How did the reluctance of the Tsars to reform cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

Answer 37

- Little flexibility in government and a preference for repression

Question 38

How did the failure of reform cause opposition to grow under the Tsars?

Answer 38

- E.g. emancipation = peasant discontent

Question 39

How did the PG receive opposition from the peasants?

Answer 39

Defied the government + seized land

Question 40

How did the PG receive opposition from the Bolsheviks?

Answer 40

Rejected the PG + called for 'All power to the Soviets'

Question 41

How did the PG receive opposition from the Nationalities?

Answer 41

Wanted autonomy

Question 42

How did the PG receive opposition from the workers?

Answer 42

Rioting in July

Question 43

How did the Communists economic policies create opposition?

Answer 43

- War Communism = Kronstadt soldiers - Collectivisation = Kulaks - 5 year plans = accusations of wreaking and sabotage

Question 44

How was their opposition from Trotsky?

Answer 44

- Opposed Lenin over Democratic Centralism - NEP - Stalin

Question 45

How was there socio-economic discontent under the communists?

Answer 45

e.g. Novocherkassk/riots

Question 46

How did ideology create opposition under the communists?

Answer 46

- SRs - Fanny Kaplan - Whites - Tsarists - Capitalism - the West

Question 47

How was there opposition from religion under the communists?

Answer 47

- Jews/Muslims - Christians = denied worship

Question 48

How was there opposition from the party under the communists?

Answer 48

Wanted continuity/secure jobs

Question 49

How was there opposition from the nationalities and satellite states under the communists?

Answer 49

Wanted autonomy

Question 50

Ho was their external/foreign opposition under the communists?

Answer 50

- Civil War - WWII - Cold War

Question 51

How was there opposition in the form of deviance under the communists?

Answer 51

- Counter-revolutinaries - Class enemies = did they actually exist?

Question 52

How was there opposition from intellectuals under the communists?

Answer 52

- Osip Mandelstram - Alexander Solzhenitsyn - Shostakovich