what do curly arrows show
movement of a pair of electrons
what is heterlytic fission
the pair of electrons in the bond move to one atome
what is homylatic fission
each electron in the bond move to a different atom , radical formed
what is ncuelruphile
a lone pair doner
in nucleruphillic substuition how does the carbon hydrogen bond break
by heterolytic fission and a halide ion is released
what bond forms in nuceeurphillic substiution
covalent bond
what is the reagent and conditions whne hydrolysis reaction with oh- ions forming alchols
reagent - naoh
conditions - warm , aqueous
what is the rate of hydrolyssi of haloakens
you add aquaous silvernirtrate , the bond gets weakeras you go down the group so the rate of hydrolysis increses as you go down the group
what is the reagent in haloaknes being added to cyanide ions formin nitrkla s
kcn dissolved in ethonal
exess ammonia forming primary amines , what is the reagent and conditions
reagent nh3 disolvefd in ethonol , condititon excess nh3
why is haloalkane stronger than alkane
becasuesit has both permanet dipole dipole and london forces
why is there an increase in the boiling point of the alcholos as chain lenght increases
as the chain length increases there are more electrons and more surface area contact so more london forces between molcules so require more energy
does solubaility increase as chain length increases
no soluability decreases as the hydrcarbon chain incereases as the oh have less influence and hydrocarbon become more dominat
what happens when alcholols are dehydrated
they become an alkene w
what happens in subsituion reaction in alchols
they can become an haloalkane when reacted with hydrogen halide
what happens in combustion of alchols
they undergo combustion in execc oxygen forming carbon dioxide and oxygen
what happens in oxidation of alchols
reagent - acidisifeis potassium dichromate
what is the observation when vi acts as oxidising reagent
it changes colour from orange to green
what is a sigma bond
bond formed from the sideways overlap of orbatlas direclty between 2 bonding atoms
what is a pi bond
forms pi bond by sideays fo 2 p orbital
why is oemhting an isomer
restrcion rotation ,
each carbon atom of the double bond attached to 2 different groups
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bonding and structure 2.2.239
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alkens 4.1.324
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group 2 3.1.216
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halogens 3.1.325
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reaction rates 3.2.222
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enthaply changes 3.2.122
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perodicity 3.1.117
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organic synthesis 4.2.313
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chemical equilbrium18
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aromatic compounds7
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organic23
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bonding and structure 2.2.28
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acids13
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acids6
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acids and bases4
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amount of substance9
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amines 6.2.110
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lattice enthalpy 5.2.16
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amino acids ,amided and chiraity 6.2.27
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organic synthesis 6.2.537
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6.2.3 polyesters and polyamides7
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transition metals20
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chromatagrpahy 6.3.17
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redox and electron potetial9
