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Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

alkanes

A

(-ane) CnH2n+2
non polar, London dispersion
few reactions
water insoluble

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2
Q

Alkenes

A

(-ene) CnH2n
double bond
non polar, insoluble in water
unsaturated

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3
Q

Alkynes

A

(-yne) CnH2n-2
triple bond
non polar, insoluble in water

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4
Q

Benzene

A

Aromatic compound. Each is trigonal planar (120 degrees), low mp and bp, water insoluble

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5
Q

ortho (o)

A

1,2

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6
Q

meta (m)

A

1,3

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7
Q

para (p)

A

1,4

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8
Q

Alcohols

A

(-ol)
Contain OH (hydroxyl) group
polar, dissolve in water (OH is hydrophilic)

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9
Q

ethers

A 
ROR, 2 alkyls bonded to O
polar, net dipole
dipole dipole interaction
soluble in organic solvents
5 C or less= soluble in water
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10
Q

nitrogen has __bonds, and __ number of unbounded electron pairs

A

3 bonds

1 lone pair

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11
Q

oxygen has __bonds, and __ number of unbounded electron pairs

A

2 bonds

2 lone pairs

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12
Q

halogens have __bonds, and __ number of unbounded electron pairs

A

1 bond
3 lone pairs
Halogens = F, Cl, Br, I

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13
Q

saturated hydrocarbons contain ____

A

the maximum number of hydrogen per carbon

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14
Q

the removal of a ___atom from an alkane results in the formation of an ___ group.

A

hydrogen atom,

alkyl group

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15
Q

-CH3

A

methyl

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16
Q

-CH2CH3

A

ethyl

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17
Q

-CH2CH2CH3

A

propyl

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18
Q

-CH2CH2CH2CH3

A

butyl

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19
Q

CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

A

pentyl (or amyl)

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20
Q

branched alkyl groups

A

are formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an internal carbon

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21
Q

constitutional isomers have ___ physical and chemical properties

A

different

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22
Q

systemic name for drugs

A

follows the IUPAC rules

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23
Q

generic name for drugs

A

the official, internationally approved name for the drug (ibuprofen)

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24
Q

trade name for drugs

A

the name assigned by the manufacturing company (Advil)

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25
highly branched molecules have a ____boiling point because of ____ surface area
lower boiling point because of smaller surface area
26
complete combustion of alkanes forms
CO2 and H2O and energy
27
incomplete combustions of alkanes forms
CO and H2O and energy
28
unsaturated hydrocarbons
contain fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon
29
why do cis and trans stereoisomers of alkenes occur?
double bonds do not exhibit a free rotation at room temperature
30
cis stereoisomer
exhibit identical groups on the same side of the double bond
31
trans stereoisomers
have identical groups on the opposite sides of a double bond
32
difference between constitutional isomers and stereoisomers
stereoisomers differ in the 3D arrangement of atoms, | constitutional isomers differ in the way the atoms are bonded to each other.
33
commonly used birth controls drugs (ethynylestradiol and norethindrone) are....
similar to the female sex hormones estradiol and progesterone, but they contain a C-C triple bond. They inhibit the release of LH and FSH
34
the product of hydrogenation is...
an alkane
35
hydrogenation
addition of H2 to an alkene, with the metal catalyst palladium (Pd)
36
during addition reactions, the OH group is added to the carbon that....
makes the molecule the most stable, tertiary carbon (3rd degree).
37
polymerization: the side that contains the substituent is called the
head
38
the monomer has a ...
double bond
39
nomenclature of benzene
name the subsistent and add the word Benzene, or name of common root. -only two substituents: use the descriptors o, m, p -more than two, alphabetize. If substituent is a halogen: change the suffix to -o.
40
nitration
mixture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3), causes the ring to undergo nitration to form an electrophile called nitronium (NO2+).
41
fuming acid
H2SO4 and SO3 gas
42
sulfonation
when benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid, and benzene-sulfonic acid is produced (benzene + attached SO3H).
43
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) is a very powerful...
electrophile
44
many phenols serve as....
antioxidants, to prevent unwanted oxidation reaction from happening in the body.
45
isobutyl alcohol =
2-methyl-1-propanol
46
isopropyl alcohol =
2- propanol
47
ethers with larger alkyl groups have __ boiling point, due to _____ forces
higher boiling point | London dispersion forces
48
ethanol
CH3CH2OH
49
name of first general anesthetic
diethyl ether
50
dehydration
occurs when an alcohol is treated with a strong acid and forms an alkene product and water product (elimination reaction- starting material "lost")
51
primary alcohol oxidation
first oxidize to aldehydes, and then to a carboxylic acid | Possible oxidizing agents: chromic acid, acidic dichromate or KMnO4.
52
secondary alcohol oxidation
oxidize to ketones
53
tertiary alcohol oxidation
no oxidation occurs
54
Blood alcohol screening
oxidation of ethanol with K2Cr2O7 is characterized by a color change, the red-orange reagent is reduced to a green Cr3+ product
55
what enzymes break down alcohol in the liver?
alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase
56
thiols can be oxidized to...
disulfides
57
disulfides can undergo a reduction reaction to form...
thiols
58
aldehydes
"al" ending polar soluble in organic solvents insoluble in water
59
ketones
"one" ending polar soluble in organic solvents insoluble in water
60
acetone
both R groups are CH3
61
formaldehyde
2 H's on the Carbonyl group
62
cyclic ketones nomenclature
carbonyl croup is "1" (omitted), the numbered to give the first substituent the lowest number
63
aldehydes are oxidized to ____ in the presence of ___
carboxylic acids in the presence of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). H to OH
64
ketones oxidation
ketones do not undergo oxidation.
65
tollens reagent
silver (I) oxide (Ag2O) in aqueous ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH).
66
a nonidentical mirror image is called...
an enantiomer
67
optically active means
it is able to turn polarized light | a chiral molecule is optically active
68
counterclockwise vs clockwise when configuring a sterocenter
``` counterclockwise = S clockwise = R ```
69
carboxylic acid
"-oic acid" | polar
70
esters
"ate" | polar
71
carboxylic acids react with bases to form...
water-soluble salts | NaOH
72
ester formation
carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid to form esters
73
ester hydrolysis
and ester with water in the presence of an acid to form a carboxylic acid.
74
saponification
esters are hydrolyzed in aqueous base to form carboxylate anions an a molecule of alcohol.
75
amines with the N directly bonded to a benzene ring are names as derivatives of ....
aniline | use prefix N-
76
amines
polar | water insoluble
77
amines are ___ and proton ___
bases, proton acceptors
78
amines react with acids to form
water soluble salts ammonium slats (positively charged) acid forms an anion
79
to name ammonium salts
name the amine change suffix to ammonium add name of anion
80
CH3COO- is called
acetate
81
amines can react as nucleophiles with...
alkyl halide through substitution reactions
82
treatment of an amide with water in the presence of an acid catalyst forms...
a carboxylic acid and ammonium salt
83
amides are hydrolyzed in an aqueous base to form..
carboxylate anions and a molecule of ammonia NH3
84
aspirin and ibuprofen are ____ agents that contain ____
anti-inflammatory carboxyl group (COOH) blocks the synthesis of prostaglandins (responsible for pain)
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