1
Q
how do you prepare a food sample?
A
- break piece with pestle and mortar
- transfer to beaker, add distilled water
- stir with glas rod to dissolve some food
- filter solution using funnel lined with filter paper to get rid of solid bits
2
Q
how do you use the Benedict’s Test to test for sugars?
A
- prep food sample, transfer 5cm3 to test tube
- prep waterbath at 75ºC
- add about 10 drops Benedict’s solution using pipette
- place test tube in water bath using test tube holder, leave for 5 mins
- tube pointing away from you
- reducing sugar: blue to green/yellow/brick-red
3
Q
how do you use Iodine solution to test for starch?
A
- prep food sample, transfer 5cm3 to test tube
- add few drops and gently shake to mix contents
- starch: browny-orange to black/blue-black
4
Q
how do you use the Biuret Test to test for proteins?
A
- prep food sample, transfer 2cm3 to test tube
- add 2cm3 biuret solution and gently shake to mix contents
- protein: blue to pink/purple
5
Q
how do you use the Sudan III Test to test for lipids?
A
- prep food sample no filter and trasfer 5cm3 into test tube
- add 3 drops Sudan III stain solution using pipette and gently shake to mix contents
- solution stains lipids
- lipids: seperate two layers, top bright red
6
Q
what is the thorax?
A
- top part of body
- seperated by diaphragm
- lungs
7
Q
what are the lungs?
A
- big pink sponges
- protected by ribcage
- surrounded by pleural membranes
8
Q
the air we breath in…
A
-goes down the trachea
9
Q
the trachea is split…
A
- into two tubes
- bronchi (bronchus)
- goes to each lung
10
Q
the bronchi is split…
A
- smaller tubes
- bronchiole
11
Q
what are alveoli?
A
- small bags at end of bronchiole
- surrounded by network of blood capillaries
- gas exchange takes place
12
Q
how does gas exchange occur of blood returning to lungs from rest of the body?
A
- blood passes next to alveoli
- oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus (high conc.) into blood (low conc.)
- carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood (high conc.) into the alveolus (low conc.) to be breathed out
- blood reaches body cells, oxygen is released from red blood cells
13
Q
how does gas exchange occur of blood reaching body cells?
A
- oxygen released from red blood cells (high conc.) diffuses into body cells (low conc.)
- carbon dioxide diffuses out of body cells (high conc.) into blood (low conc.)
- carried back to the lungs
14
Q
how can you calculate the breathing rate in breaths per minute?
A
breaths per minute = number of breaths/ number of mins
15
Q
the first one in the circulatory system
A
- right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs to take in oxygen
- blood returns to heart
16
Q
the second one in the circulatory system
A
- left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around organs
- blood gives up oxyegn at body cells
- deoxygenated blood returns to heart to be pumped out to lungs again
17
Q
what is the heart?
A
- pumping organ
- keeps blood flowing around body
18
Q
what are the walls of the heart made of?
A
-muscle tissue
19
Q
why does the heart have valves?
A
- blood flows right direction
- prevents backwards
20
Q
how does the heart pump blood around the body?
A
- LEFT:pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
- RIGHT: vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery
21
Q
how does the heart get its own supply of oxygenated blood?
A
- coronary arteries branch off aorta
- surrounds heart
22
Q
what are the different types of blood vessels?
A
- arteries - carry blood away from heart
- capillaries - involved in exchange of materials at tissues
- veins - carry blood to heart
23
Q
how does the arteries carry blood under pressure?
A
- heart pumps blood out at high pressure, artery walls are strong and elastic
- thick walls
- contains thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them stretch and spring back
24
Q
describe the capillaries
A
- really tiny
- carry blood really close to every body cell to exchange substances to maintain concentration gradient
- permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
- supply food and oxygen, takes away waste like CO2
- wall one cell thick for short diffusion distance
- large surface area maximise exchange
25
how are the walls of capillaries adapted?
- one cell thick
- increases rate of diffusion
- decrease distance
26
how does veins take blood back to the heart?
1. capillaries join up to form veins
2. blood low pressure in veins wall dont need to be as thick
3. bigger lumen than arteries
4. valves
27
why does veins have a bigger lumen than arteries?
-helps blood flow despite low pressure
28
how can you calculate the rate of blood flow?
rate of blood flow = volume of blood/number of mins
29
what is coronary heart disease?
- coronary arteries supply blood to heart muscle
- blocked by layers of fatty material building up
- causes lack of oxygen to heart muscle
- heart attack
30
how do we use stents to keep a person's heart beating?
- tubes inserted inside arteries
- keep open so blood can pass through to heart muscles
31
how do stents lower risk of heart attacks in people with CHD? (ADVANTAGES)
- effective for long time
- recovery time for surgery is quick
32
what are the risks of stents?
- complications during operation
- infection from surgery
- thrombosis: patients develop blood clot near stent
33
what is cholesterol?
-essential lipid for bodily function
34
what happens if you have too much cholesterol in the bloodstream?
- fatty deposits forms inside arteries
- leads to CHD
35
what are statins?
- drugs reduce amount of 'bad' cholesterol present in bloodstream
- slows down rate of fatty deposits forming
36
what are the advantages of statins?
- reduce bad cholesterol reduces risk of stroke, CHD and heart attacks
- increase amount of beneficial cholesterol in bloodstream, remove bad cholesterol from blood
- may prevent other diseases
37
what are the disadvantages of statins?
- long-term drug taken regularly, could forget
- negative side effects: headaches, kidney failure
- time for affect to kick in
38
what are artificial hearts?
- mechanical device pumps blood
- temporary fix: alive until donor heart available
- help recovery, allows heart to rest and heal
- permanent fix: reduces need for donor heart
39
what is the main advantage of an artificial heart?
- less likley rejected by body immune's system than donor heart
- made from metals and plastic, not living tissue
- body doesn't recognise as foreign and attack
40
what are the disadvantages to an arficial heart?
- surgery: bleeding and infection
- doesn't work as well as healthy natural: electrical motor can fail
- blood flow not as smooth: blod clots lead to strokes
- prevent:drugs to thin blood
- problems with bleeding if injured
41
how can heart valves become damaged?
- heart attacks
- infection
- old age
42
what is the effect of damaged heart valves?
- valvue tissue stiffens, won't open properly
- leaky: blood flows both directions
- blood doesn't circulate as effectively
43
how can you treat severely damaged heart valves?
- replace with biological valves
- mechanical valves
44
what is the advantage to valve replacement?
- much less drastic procedure
- than whole heart transplant
45
what is the disadvantage to valve replacement?
- major surgery
- lead to problems with blood clots
46
what does the heart do when someone loses alot of blood?
- pumps remianing red blood cells around body
- get oxygen from body
- aslong volume of blood topped up
47
how is artificial blood e.g saline used?
- replace lost volume of blood
- safe if no airbubbles get in blood
- keeps ppl alive if 2/3 rbc lost
- gives pateint time to produce new rbc
48
what happens if a patient can't produce more red blood cells?
-blood transfusion
49
what is the definition of health?
-state of physical and mental wellbeing
50
what are communicable diseases?
- spread person to person
- between animal and people
51
what is communicable diseases caused by?
- bacteria
- viruses
- parasites
- fungi
52
what is an example of communciable diseases?
- measles
- malaria
53
what are non-communicable diseases?
- can't spread
- lasts long time
- gets worse slowly
54
what is an example of non-communicable diseases?
- asthma
- cancer
- coronary heart disease
55
what increases your chance of suffering a communicable disease such as influenza?
- weak immune system
- body less likely able to defend itself against pathogen
56
how are allergic reations triggered?
- immune system reactions
- caused by infection
- by pathogen
57
what can sometimes trigger mental health issues?
- suffer severe physical health problems
- impact everyday activities
- life expectancy
58
what are some factors that can affect your health?
- poor diet
- stress
- life situation: access to meds, healthy food, condoms
59
what are risk factors?
-things linked to increase in likelihood of developing disease
60
what are the risk factors in a person's life?
- lifestyle: excercise
- environment: air pollution
- substances in body: abestos
61
give an example of how lifestyle factors impact nationally?
- ppl from deprived areas
- more likley smoke, poor diet, don't excercise
- higher incidences of cardiovascular disease, obesity, Type 2 diabetes
62
how do risk factors link to non-communicable disease?
-several interacting with eachother
63
give an example of how lifestyle factors impact gloablly?
- non-communicable disease more common in developed countries
- higher income
- buy high-fat food
64
give an example of how lifestyle factors impact locally?
- individual choices
- affects local incidence of disease
65
what are risk factors that can directly cause disease?
- smoking
- smoking when pregnant
- obesity
- alcohol
- cancer
66
what is the human cost of non-communicable diseases?
- tens of millions deaths per year
- lower quality life
- shorter lifespan
- affects loved ones
67
what are the organs of a plant?
- stems
- roots
- leaves
68
list the plant tissues
1. epidermal tissue - covers whole plant
2. palisade mesophyll tissue - photosynthesis
3. spongy mesophyll tissue - contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out
4. xylem and phloem - transports substances
5. meristem tissue - found at growing tips of shoots/ roots, differentiate into different types of plant cells for growth
69
what tissues do leaves contain?
1. epidermal
2. mesophyll
3. xylem
4. phloem
70
what is the function of the epidermal tissue?
- covered with waxy cuticle
- reduces water loss by evaporation
71
what is the function of the upper epidermis tissue?
- transparent
- light pass thru to palisade layer
72
what is the function of the palisade layer?
- lots of chloroplasts
- near top of leaf
- absorb most sun
73
what is the function of the xylem and phloem?
- forms network of vascular bundles
- transports water and nutrients to entire leaf
- takes glucose away produced by photosynthesis
- supports structure
74
what is the function of the lower epidermis?
- gas exchange
- little holes called stomata
-lets CO2 directly into leaf
75
what is the function of the guard cells?
-controls opening and closing of stomata in response to environmental conditions
76
what is the function of the spongy mesophyll tissues?
- contains air spaces
- increases rate of diffusion of gases
77
what are phloem tubes?
- columns of elongated living cells
- small pores in the end walls
- allows cell sap to flow through
78
what does phloem tubes transport?
- food substances (dissolved sugars)
- transport both ways
- translocation
79
what are xylem tubes?
- dead cells joined ned to end
- no end walls between them
- hole down middle
- strengthened with lignen
80
what does xylem tubes carry?
-water and mineral ions
transpiration stream: movement of water from roots, thru xylem, out of leaves
81
how does transpiration cause the loss of water in plants?
- evaporation and diffusion
- evaporation slight shortage of water in leaf, more water drawn up from rest of plant thru xylem vessels to replace
- constant transpiration stream of water thru plant
- diffusion: more water inside than outside, escapes thru stomata
82
what affects the transpiration rate?
- light intensity
- temperature
- air flow
- humidity
83
how does light intensity affect the transpiration rate?
- brighter the light = greater transpiration rate
- stomata closes when dark = no photosynthesis
- can't open to let CO2 in
- very little water can escape
84
how does temperature affect the transpiration rate?
- higher temp = faster transpiration rate
- water particles more energy
- to evaporate and diffuse out of stomata
85
how does air flow affect the transpiration rate?
- better airflow (stronger wind) = greater transpiration rate
- water vapour swept away
- maintaining low concentration of water in the air outside the leaf
- fast diffusions from area of high conc to low conc
86
how does humidity affect the transpiration rate?
- drier the air around leaf = faster transpiration rate
- humid air = less difference between
87
how can you estimate the rate of transpiration?
- measure uptake of water by a plant
- record starting position of water bubble
- record distance moved per hour
- keep conditions constant e.g temperature and air humidity
88
what shape are guard cells?
- kidney shape
- opens and closes stomata
89
what happens to the guard cell when the plant has a lot of water?
- fills, goes plump and turgid
- stomata opens so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis
90
what happens to the guard cell when the plant has a short amount of water?
- loses water becomes flaccid
- stomata closes
- stops too much water vapour escaping
91
describe the inner and outer walls of the guard cells?
- thin outer walls
- thickened inner walls
- make opening and closing work
92
how does the guard cells save water?
- sensitive to light
- close at night
93
where is the stomata situated on the leaf?
- underside
- lower surface is shaded and cooler
- less water lost thru stomata
94
how does movement of potassium cause guard cells to open?
- increases concentration inside guard cells
- water moves into cell through osmosis
- cell swells unevenly so stomata opens
- thick part of wall is less flexible than thin part of wall
Biology year 10
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
-
Transport in Cells44
-
Cell Biology75
-
Organisation94
-
4.5 Homeostasis and NS structure and function20
-
4.5 Nervous system: TRIPLE The brain and the eye29
-
Unit 4.3 Communicable diseases73
-
Unit 4.3 Monoclonal antibodies triple18
-
Unit 4.3 Plant disease triple24
-
4.4 Photosynthesis35
-
4.4 Respiration38
