What are the ranges of an ABI exam?
>1.3 = CALCIFIED VESSELS
- 9-1.3 = NORMAL
- 5-0.9 = CLAUDICATION
- 25-0.5 = REST PAIN
<0.25= IMPEADING TISSUE LOSS
What is Raynauds syndrome?
- vasospastic functional condition results in numbness and pallor of extremities
what is the criteria for raynauds?
- attacks precipitated by cold or stmuli
- bilateral ivolvement
- absence of gangrene
- no underlying diseases
- 2 year minimum symptoms
Which nerve fibers carry vibration, proprioception and sharp pain?
vibration -a beta
Proprioception -a alpha
Pain -a delta and C
What is beurers?
- thrombus of arteries and veins
- necrosis and gangrene
- symptom may include Raynaud’s
Disability of peroneal nerve and tibial nerve?
Peroneal -foot drop, charcot marie tooth disease
Tibial nerve -tarsal tunnel syndrome, morton neuroma
what are the clinical signs of UMN disease?
- exaggerated reflexes
- dorsiflexion, Babinski sign
- normal excitability
- muscle wasting slowly
- spasticity
what are the clinical signs of LMN disease?
- low reflex -plantarflexion, Babinski sign
- muscle twitching
- rapid muscle wasting
- reduce muscle power
what are the layers of the skin?
- corneum
- lucidium
- granulosum
- spinosum
- basale
Define the following terms? rubor, calor, turgor, dolor
rubor
- red calor
- heat turgor
- sweliing dolow
- pain
how do verrucae form what are the classification and treatment?
- caused by papillomaviruses of the HPV group classes:
- vulgaris, mosaic, humida and arida
treatment:
-do nothing, cryotherapy, salicylic acid, electrotherapy
What is Reiters syndrome?
-conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis
what does ABCDE stand for in malignant melanoma?
Asymmetry, not be same
Border, irregular edges
Color, not evenly colored
Diameter, >6mm across
Evolution, changed in size and shape
what are risk factors for Plantar melanomas?
- high total naevus count
- pre existing naevi on the soles
- history of penetrating injury
- exposure to agricultural chemicals
What are the Stages of HAV?
Stage 1 -lateral displacement of hallux at MTP joint
Stage 2 -actual abduction of the hallux, medial bump
Stage 3 -increase in intermetatarsal angle, hammering 2nd
Stage 4 -partial complete hallux dislocation at the MTP joint
What is Morton’s neuroma?
- enlargement of nerves -tingling and burning sensation
- caused by compression or trauma *metatarsalgia is nerve pain on the joint
What is turf toe?
-sprain of the main joint of the big toe
How to diagnose Type 2 diabetes?
BGL
- Fasting >7mmol/L
- Post prandial >11mmol/L
- Random 4-11 mmol/L HbA1c
- >6.5% *results should on two separate occasions
What does LADA and MODY mean?
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
- similar to type 1, very slow progression Maturity onset diabetes of Young
- early onset of diabetes can be type 1 or 2
What is the seven diagnostic criteria for RA?
- morning stiffness -3 or more joints
- hands first
- symmetrical
- nodules
- RA factor
- Radiographic changes
what is the progression of rheumatoid arthritis in the foot?
- joint stiffness and pain
- splaying of forefoot
- cock up toes
- lateral shift of toes
- contracture of extensor tendons
- bursa development -HAV -nerve entrapment
What are the clinical features of Gout?
- 1st MTJ
- very painful
- untreated lasts up to 7 days
- reoccurs
- asymptomatic between attacks -tophi
what is the function of the plantar fascia?
- assist in propulsion and supination
- shock absorbs
what are the general mechanism of radiographic imaging?
- X-ray, radiation beam -ultrasound, high frequency soundwaves
- CT, high doses of x-ray radiation to production sectional views
- MRI, use of magnetic fields and radio waves
- nuclear medicine, radiopharmaceutical than is injected into the blood stream
- angiography, radiographic imaging using radiation and iodine
