BS1007 Cairns > Osteichthyes > Flashcards

Osteichthyes Flashcards

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1
Q

“<b>Which class is the closest living relatives to tetrapods?</b>”

A

Acinista (lobe finned fish)

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2
Q

“<b>What is a homocerceal tail?</b>”

A

equal lobes in ray finned fishes

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3
Q

“<b>An enhcanced cerbellum controls ___ in class Actinopterygii</b>”

A

motor coordination

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4
Q

“<b>Superclass Sarcopterygii has which two classes?</b>”

A

Class Dipnoi: lungfish <br></br><br></br>Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish

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5
Q

“<b>Class Actinistia (lobe-finned fish) belong to which subclass?</b>”

A

Sarcopterygii

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6
Q

“<b>Class Dipnoi belong to which superclass?</b>”

A

Sarocopterygii

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7
Q

“<b>Pterosis sp. are highly invasive and use aposomatic colouration. T/F</b>”

A

True

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8
Q

“<b>Juvenillie blue-streaked cleaner wrasse mimicbluefinned fangblennies in order to eat larger fish. T/F?</b>”

A

False - fangblennies are parasitic, cleaner wrasse are not

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9
Q

“<b>How do bluestriped fangblennies feed?</b>”

A

“Bluestriped fangblennies mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasse that remove ectoparasites.<br></br><br></br>Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish<br></br><br></br>they don’t feel the bite because their blood pressure drops<br></br>”

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10
Q

“<b>No scales are essential for which family? why?</b>”

A

frogfish (family Antennariidae)<br></br><br></br>no scales allow for weird skin textures to aid in mimickry

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11
Q

“<b>What is the most efficient type of locomotion?</b>”

A

Swimming, animal supported by water and doesnt have to overcome gravity

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12
Q

“<b>Osteichthyes are a _____ group? Mono/Para/Poly</b>?”

A

paraphyletic

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13
Q

“<b>What is the largest and most diverse taxon of vertebrates?</b>”

A

Osteichthyes

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14
Q

“<b>Osteichthyes andChondrichthyes share which traits?</b>”

A

2 chambered heart (single circulation)<br></br>mixing oxygenated and non oxygenated blood<br></br>

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15
Q

“<b>What is the benefit of Ostheichthyes evolving different feeding and foraging specialisations?</b>”

A

Specialisation and modification of jaws and feeding apparatus, specalised feeding opportunites reduced competition

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16
Q

“<b>Explain suction feeding in Tigerfish (Datniodies sp.)</b>”

A

“Fish expands mouth and pharynx rapidly to suck prey in before biting down and swallowing <br></br><br></br>Achieved by: <br></br>Rotate dorsal part of skull <br></br>Push out parts of mouth sideways <br></br>Drop lower jaw and hyoid”

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17
Q

“<b>Describe Piranha (subfamily Serrasalminae) feeding specialisations?</b>”

A

Fine sharp teeth & large jaw muscles attached to tip = increase in bite force<br></br><br></br>

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18
Q

“<b>Describe Parrot fish (family Scaridae)</b>”

A

Common herbivorous of coral reefs <br></br>Crushing jaws and continuously growing teeth in pharyngeal arch of throat (extend all the way down to back of throat)<br></br>help produe sand<br></br><br></br>

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19
Q

“<b>Describe feeding modifications in Flounders (order Pleuronectiformes)</b>”

A

Head Torsion, whole head is swivelled to side of body<br></br>Ambush predators<br></br><br></br>

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20
Q

“<b>What are the feeding specalisations in Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Dorsal spines with small cavity of bioluminescent bacteria<br></br><br></br>Hingedfront row of teeth increase bite force<br></br>small second row of teeth break up small pieces of food

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21
Q

“<b>Tripodfish (Bathypterois grallator)</b><br></br><img></img>”

A

Benthic<br></br>Uses elongated fin rays in tail and two pelvic fins to stand on substrate <br></br>tactile mechosensors in front fins to detect prey in front of body<br></br><br></br>Standing up on fins, mouth catches passing prey

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22
Q

“<b>Frogfish (family Antennariidae)</b>”

A

Camouflage - Weird shape, colour change and skin texture (so no scales)<br></br>Ambush<br></br>Sometimes move by “walking” pectoral and pelvic fins over substrate

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23
Q

“<b>L</b><b>eafy Sea Dragon Phycodurus eques and seahorses (family Syngnathidae)</b>”

A

Mimic surroundings <br></br><br></br>Bluestriped fangblennies (Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos) mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasse that remove ectoparasites<br></br>Fangblennies do not clean, use opiod deived venom to bite onto larger fish, they don;t feel the bite because their blood pressure drops<br></br><br></br>Venomous: venom is opiod-derived, no pain from decreases blood pressure

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24
Q

“<b>Describe 3 traits of Lionfish</b>”

A

Aposematic Colouration <br></br>Venomous <br></br>Highly invasive

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25
Fish Taxonomy
"*mak a drawing*
2 classes/clades:
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)

 Actinopterygii also a class, but Sarcopterygii is a superclass, with 2 classes: 

Class Dipnoi: lungfish

Class Actinistia: lobe-finned fish"
26
"Ray-finned fishes (Class Actinopterygii)"
largest group

verbrae = bone, fins = bones or cartlidge

homocercal tail: equal lobes

scales and skin covered in mucous to reduce drag and friction

single operculum

swim bladder bouyancy control

good eye sight   large optic lobes

enhcanced cerbellum - control motor coordination
27
"What are gill rakers?"
bony processes projecting from branchial / gill arches
28
Class Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes conti. 
****watch sldiewhow****

Terminal, superior or inferior mouths

cells in saltwter shrink, need 
Marine:

Drink ↑ amount of salt H2O

Use special Cl- cells to actively transport ions out

Na+ ions follow passively

Use kidneys to excrete Ca, Mg, SO4

 Freshwater:
Lose salts by diffusion
Don’t drink water, and excrete lots of  dilute urine 
Salts replenished during feeding
Nutritional deficiencies: get some AAs by eating (same as humans)
29
"Actinopterygii are dioecious, and mostly reproduce ____ and ___"
sexually and externally
30
"Overview: Actinopterygii Locomotion"
"Swim by flexing bodies and tail back and forth sinosoidual motion 

Stretch or expand muscles on one side, while relaxing muscles on other (alternate contractions) - waves of contractions pass from head to tail (like humans)

2 ways of contraction

Pushes against water and moves forward

Caudal fin helps push through water

Pectoral fins give maneuverability 
 median fins give stability

All fins used to steer

example:  Movement obvious in slow-swimming fish (e.g., eels)

 Faster swimming fish (e.g., tuna / marlin), body held rigid to minmizse drag and contractions directed towards tail

Swimming: most efficient type of locomtion- animal supported by water and doesn’t need to overcome gravity"
31
Dipnoi Lungfish
- 6 species, 
the 1 in australia has 1 lung. most 2 with atrophied gills
connected to larnyx and pharnyx w/o trachea, subdivded into small airsaces to increase surface area


live in shallow waters, lungs allow them to air at surface

thin pectoral thin, thready pelvic thins set back farther on bod

develop muscularture to push against force of gravity in shallow waters

diphycercal tapers to singel point, sisetr clase to lobe fin fishes


32
Class Acinistia 
Ceolacanths, once throught to be extinct but now 2-3 species

nmae of women who found first fish?

do all fish have gillls? why is it specifid?
singlelove vertigial lung

33
"Which species uses elongated tailfin and pelvic fins to stand on substrate to catch food?"
Tripodfish (Bathypterois grallator)
34
"Match the species with 2 foraging specalisations:
  1. Filter feeding with bony processes project from gill arches
  2. Hairbrush like teeth
  3. Rapid exapansion of mouth and pharnyx (suction feeding)
  4. Large jaw muscles attached to tip (increase in bite force)
  5. Herbivourous, crushing jaws that make sand
  6. Smaller second row of teeth break up small food pieces
  7. Modified gill rankers
  8. Fine sharp serated teeth
  9. Continulously growing teeth extend into pharnygeal arch
  10. Elongated jaw forms long snout
  11. Head torsion
  12. Hinged front row of teeth 
  13. Rotation of dorsal skull and droping lower jaw hyoid pushes mouth out
  14. Ambush predator using camoflage 

Family Engraulidae
Order Pleuronectiformes
Family Scaridae
Datniodies sp.
Subfamily Serrasalminae
Family Chaetodontidae
Order Lophiiformes
"
"Tigerfish (Datniodies sp.)
suction feeding, Rotation of dorsal skull, pushes mouth out 

Piranha (subfamily Serrasalminae)
fine sharp teeth & large jaw muscles 

Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae)
hairbrush like teeth & elongated jaw snout

Parrotfish (family Scaridae)
herbivourous, crushing jaws, continulously growing teeth extend into pharnygeal arch

Flounders (order Pleuronectiformes)
ambush and head torsion flounders

Anchovies (Engraulidae)
filter feeding with modified gill rankers 

Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)
hinged front row of teeth with smaller second row, biomulenescent lure "
35
"How do Anchovies (family Engraulidae) feed?"
Filter-feeder

H2O passes through mouth and out gills, food particles sieved by modified gill rakers, then into oesophagus 
36
"Superior mouths, also called _____ feed on organisms in/near____"
supraterminal, the surface
37
"
This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____"
Terminal

feeding on zooplankton/fish in middle water coloum, can occasionallly eat at surface/bottom
38
"
This mouth type is called ___ and is used for __"
Superior/supraterminal 

feeding on organism near surface
39
"
This mouth type is called ___ and is used for ____"
Inferior/subterminal

scape algae/substances off bottom or find burried prey
40
"What is a hyoid and which animal has it? "
u shaped bone in neck, 
gets pushed out by tigerfish during feeding
41
"Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes differ because?"
presence of operculum gill cover in Osteichthyes
42
"The operculum allows Ostiechthyes to ____ while swimming"
"stay still (won't effect respiration)"
43
"Bony plates called _____ attach to the first gill arch"
Operculum
44
"The operculum attaches to the _____"
first gill arch
45
"When a bony fish opens it's mouth, the operculum _____, when the mouth closes, the operculum ______."
closes, opens
46
"The opening of mouth and closing of operculum causes a sucking action that pulls water over gills. T/F?"
True
47
"The closing of the mouth and opening of the operculum allows water to be pushed out via mouth pressure. T/F"
true
48
"Gill filaments have numerous ___ to increase surface area for better oxygen absorbtion."
lamellae
49
"The purpose of gills is to _____"
pull oxygen out of water
50
"What is a swim bladder?"
allows for bouyancy control like a ballooon
51
"Osteichthyes have ___ bouyancy while Chondrichthyes have ___ bouyancy"
neutral, negative
52
"What two evolutions allow Osteichthyes to stay still in water?"
swim bladder with nuetral bouyancy, and operculum
53
"Which family sometimes moves by walking on substrate with pectoral and pelvic fins?"
frogfish (family Antennariidae) 
54
"How do frogfish (family Antennariidae) and tripod fish (Bathypterois grallator) differ in their ""standing"" methods?"
Frog fish use their pectoral and pelvic fins to occasionally locomote

While Tripod fish stand up using cadual and pelvic fins, and catch passing fish in their mouths using sensors in front fins
55
"Modified doral spines with bacteria filled cavities are important for which order?"
Anglerfish (order Lophiiformes)
56
"What are the 3 function groups Excavators, Scrapers, and Sifters purpose?


*check lecture* what are they?"
Excavators: large, strong jaws to excavate landscape

Scrapers: smaller jaws that scrape substrate

Sifters: sift the sand
57
"Fish are divided into 3 groups based on:"
mouth morphologies
58
"Caudal fins are used for?"
Thrust and lift & mate signaling
59
"Dorsal and anal median fins are used for?"
stability
60
"Pectoral and pelvic girdles support fins. T/F"
true
61
"What are gill filamnets? "
"red, highly oxygenated, fleshy part of the gills; they take oxygen into the blood. Each filament has thousands of lamellae branches that are exposed to the water"
62
"The evolution of lungs (accessory breathing organs) is significant in Osterichthyes because? 2 reasons"
advatage in poorly oxygenated water,

helped moved onto land
63
"What accessory organ in Osteichthyes was a precussor for evolving to be terrestial?"
lungs
64
"Being nuetrally bouyant means you have  ___ density to water"
same
65
"As a fish goes down in the water coloum, the swim bladder is compressed, making the fish ____ and _____."
heavier and sinks faster
66
"If a swim bladder in Osteichthyes is attached to the gut, how do they adjust the swim bladder size?"
gulp air to go down

and burp to release air and go up
67
"How do Osteichthyes with no gut swim bladder control ascension and descension?"
blood chemistry transfers air into swim bladder
68
"What is single circulation?"
" blood passes through a single circuit – where blood is pumped by the heart to the gills for oxygenation, after which the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart"
69
"What feeding modifications do Butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae) have?"
hairbrush teeth & elongated jaw snout kinda like a toothbrush
70
"What are 2 feeding specialisations that increase bite force?"
Hingedfront row of teeth in Angler fish

large jaw muscles attached to tip in Piranhas
71
"Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) are sexual and usuallly repoduce externally. What are 2 examples of their fertilization types?"
Oviparous  (e.g., salmon) 

Viviparous (internal fertilization) (e.g., guppies)

72
"Some Actinopterygii provide ___ care, brooding the mouth, pouches, or nests and provide ___ care after birth."
Paternal, little

 
73
"Actinopterygii such as clown fish display ____"
Sequential hermaphroditism 
74
"Overview: Reproduction in Actinopterygii"
Dioeceious
Sexual
Mostly externally 
Some sequential hermaphrodites (clown fish)
Oviparous - salmon
Vivaprous (internal fertilization) - guppies
paternal brooders in mouth or pouch
clean nests anf fan eggs to provide oxygeniation
little care after birth
elaborate courtship displays
75
"How do Actinopterygii locomote?"
"Flex bodies and tails back and forth by expand their muscles on one body side and relaxing the muscles on other side (sinusoidal movement like humans) 

Fish use their back fin, called the caudal fin, to help push them through the water."
76
"Why do Fins embedded in the body musculature allow for independent movement?"
?
77
"Which class is the largest of bony fishes?"
Class Actinopterygii
78
"Muscous covered skin reduces drag and friction in which class of Osteichthyes?"
class Actinopterygii
79
"What are the 2 clades of Osteichthyes?"
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes
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