1. Cervical vertebrae (CI-CVII) 2. Thoracic vertebrae (TI-TXII) 3. Lumbar vertebrae (LI-LV) 4. Sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae I-V) 5. Coccyx (3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae I-IV)

1. Consists of cells, fibers,matrix 2. Protectivefunction 3. Serves as a lever 4. Storage of calcium ions 5. Houses blood-forming marrow

Osteology Flashcards by Yen Javelona

Bones of the back

Cervical vertebrae (CI-CVII)
Thoracic vertebrae (TI-TXII)
Lumbar vertebrae (LI-LV)
Sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae I-V)
Coccyx (3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae I-IV)

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Bone

Consists of cells, fibers,matrix
Protectivefunction
Serves as a lever
Storage of calcium ions
Houses blood-forming marrow

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WOLFF’S LAW

-Bone grows and remodels in response to the forces that are place upon it in a healthy person (placing specific stress)

FORMS: COMPACT and CANCELLOUS

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Long bones

Found in the limbs

E.g. humerus, femur, tibia ulna

Composed of cancellous (ends) surrounded by thin layer of compact bone

Articular surfaces at the ends - hyaline cartilage

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Short bones

metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

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Flat bones

found in the vault of the skull (frontal and parietal)

E.g. ilium

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Irregular bones

Composed of a thin shell of compact bone w interior made of cancellous

E.g. vertebra

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Sesamoid bone

Patella (largest); reduce friction on the tendon

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Membranous

Bone is developed directly from a CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANE

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Endochondral Ossification

A CARTILAGINOUS MODEL (hyaline cartilage) is first laid down and is later replaced by bone

Allow long bones to growth in length

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Hyaline cartilage is present in

Articular- end of long bones (epiphyseal)
Costal- connects ribs to sternum
Respiratory- makes up larynx, reinforces air passages
Nasal- supports nose

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Elastic cartilage

Similar to hyaline but contains elastic fibers

Found in external ear and epiglottis

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Fibrocartilage

-highly compressed with great tensile strength
-contains collagen fibers (limited amt. cells & ground substances)

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Function of skeletal system

Support
Storage of minerals
Storage of lipids
Blood cell production
Protection
Leverage (force of motion)

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Canaliculi

Forms pathways for blood vessels; exchange nutrients and wastes

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Bone matrix

2/3 of bone matrix is calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2

Reacts w calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 to form crystal of hydroxyapetite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 w/ch incorporates other calcium salts and ions

1/3 collagen fibers

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Intramembranous ossification develops from a

FIBROUS MEMBRANE

-Essential process during the natural healing of bone structures

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[formation of woven/primary bone]

The process of intramembranous ossification starts when

A small group of adjacent MSCs (within medullary/marrow cavity) begin to replicate and form a nidus—>osteoprogenitor cell—>osteoblasts—>then blasts create an extracellular matrix containing Type 1 collagen fibrils (osteoid)—>osteoblasts incorporte w osteoids—>osteocytes

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Primary center of ossification (lamellar/secondary bone)

The area where bone growth occurs between the periosteum and the bone —> osteogenic cells (orig. periosteum) increase appositional growth and a bone collar is formed —> mineralized & lamellar bone is formed

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Osteoclasts (bone resorption)

Found lining in endosteum lining of the marrow cavity; derived from stem cells that produce macrophages

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How can bone homeostasis occur?

Bone FORMATION (osteoblasts and osteocytes) and bone RESORPTION (destruction of bone tissue) (osteoclasts) MUST BE BALANCED

-exercise causes osteocytes to build bone

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Osteon

Basic structural unit of mature compact bone

-are osteocytes arranged in concentric lamella around a central canal containing blood vessels

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Lamella

Weight bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen

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Types of Lamellae (3)

Concentric lamellae
Circumferential lamellae- wrapped wound the long bone; binds inner osteons together
Interstitial lamellae- found between osteons that have been partially digested and remodeled by osteoclast/osteoblast activity

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Spongy bone (Trabecular bone)

-most in short, flat, and irregularly shaped bones & the head of long bones (epiphyis) E.g. proximal femur -also found in the narrow rim around the marrow cavity of the diaphysis

Characteristic of spongy bone

-no osteons -matrix forms an open network of trabeculae -trabeculae have no blood vessels

Bone marrow

Found in intramedullary cavity

Yellow bone marrow

stores fat (STARTS TO APPEAR AT 7 YR OLD)

Red bone marrow

supplies nutrients to osteocytes in trabeculae (forms RBC &WBC)

Location of hematopoietic tissue (red marrow) in infants

Medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone

Location of hematopoietic tissue in adults

Diploe of flat bones, head of femur and humerus

Periosteum

Double layered protective membrane covers all bones EXCEPT parts enclosed in joint capsules (shoulder and hip) -source of growth in rib esp. in children in w/ch is thicker than in adults

Collagen fibers of the outer fibrous layer of periosteum, connecting with collagen fibers in bone

Sharpey’s (perforating) fibers

The Sharpey’s fibers connect with

Collagen fibers in bone, fibers in joint capsules, attached tendons & ligaments

Functions of periosteum

1. Isolate bone from surrounding tissues 2. Provide a route for circulatory & nerve supply 3. Participate in bone growth and repair

Endosteum contains

Osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoclasts

Endosteum lines the

Incomplete cellular layer; lines the marrow cavity; covers the trabeculae of spongy bone; lines the central canal Active in bone growth and repair

Osteogenesis is the process of

Bone formation

Ossification is the process of

replacing other tissues w bone

Calcification

Process of depositing calcium salts -occurs during bone ossification and in other tissues

Formation of the bony skeleton begins at

8 week of embryo development

Fibrocartilage is found in the

MENISCI OF THE KNEE and in INVERTEBRAL DISCS

Intramembranous ossification occurs in the

DERMIS (also called dermal ossification)

Intramembranous ossification produces and forms the

Produces dermal bones such as mandible and clavicle Forms most of the FLAT BONES of the skull & clavicles

Endochondral Ossification begins in the

2nd month of development

List the fetal primary ossification centers

-parietal, occipital, frontal bone of the skull -Mandible -Clavicle -scapula -ribs -vertebra -ilium -femur -tibia -humerus -radius -ulna

Stage 1 of endochondral ossification

Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model

Stage 2 of E.O.

Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage

Stage 3 of E.O.

Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation

Stage 4 of E.O.

Formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of SECONDARY ossification center in the EPIPHYSES in prep for stage 5

Stage 5 of E.O.

ELONGATION Ossification of the epiphyses; when completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

What are the remodeling units?

Adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone at periosteal & endosteal surfaces

Wolff’s law observations

1. Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft (bending stress is great) 2. Curved bones are thickest (most likely to buckle) 3. Trabeculae form along lines of stress (proximal femur) 4. Large bony projections occur where heavy active muscles attach (adductor tubercles, medial part of distal femur)

The increase in the mobility and potential size of the pelvis during childbirth is due to

Estrogen, Testosterone, Relaxin

During infancy and childhood, epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by

GROWTH HORMONE

During puberty, testosterone and estrogens initially promote

ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURTS Later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending long bone growth

Type of cartilage which provides support, flexibility, resilience and usually found in the ends of long bone

Hyaline cartilage

Type of collagen found in bone

Type 1

Type of cartilage growth wherein the cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the face of existing cartilage

Appositional

Unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen becomes calcified later

OSTEOID

MSCs that divide to produce osteoblasts

Osteoprogenitor cells

Sites of bone resorption where ruffled border meets bone surface

Howship’s lacunae

How are osteoclasts formed?

Monocyte progenitors fuse together to form mature multinuclear cells

System of lacunar networks used among osteocytes to communicate

Canaliculi (??)

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into

Osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, adipocytes

This zone is characterized by proliferation of chondrocytes w/ longitudinal growth stacking of chondrocytes

Proliferative zone

Region of the physis that collagen type X play a prominent role

Hypertrophic zone

The red marrow is composed of

40% fat (??)

When does bone appear?

7th embryonic week

Type of collagen predominantly present in elastic cartilage

Type 2

Area between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet

Pelvic cavity

The typical female pelvis present in about 41% of women

Gynecoid

It is the male or funnel shaped pelvis w/ a contracted outlet. Present in about 33% of white females and 16% of Black females

Android type

Long, narrow, oval shaped pelvis present in about 24% of white females and 41% of black females.

Anthropoid

Wide pelvis flattened at the brim, with the promontory of the sacrum pushed forward.

Platypelloid type

The two hip bones articulate with each other anteriorly at the

Symphysis pubis

The two hip bones articulate posteriorly with the sacrum at the

Sacroiliac joints

The pelvic brim is formed behind by the

Sacral promontory (anterior and upper margin of the first sacral vertebra)

Pelvic brim, laterally by the

Iliopectineal lines (line that runs downward and forward around the inner surface of the ileum)

Pelvic brim, anteriorly by the

symphysis pubis (Joint between bodies of pubic bones)

Osteology Flashcards

(80 cards)