Osteology

Question 1

Axial skeleton function

Answer 1

Protect main organs

Question 2

Appendicular skeleton function

Answer 2

1. Support
2. Movement
3. Protection
4. Blood cell production
5. Mineral store (calcium & phosphate)

Question 3

What is cartilage?

Answer 3

Dense connective tissue found at the end of bones

Question 4

Ligament function

Answer 4

1. Connect bone to bone

2. Support

Question 5

Tendon function

Answer 5

1. Connect muscle to bone

Question 6

Types of bone

Answer 6

1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bones
5. Sesamoid bones

Question 7

Sections of vertebrae

Answer 7

1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. Coccygeal

Question 8

Number of cervical vertebrae

Answer 8

7

Question 9

Number of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 9

12

Question 10

Number of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 10

5

Question 11

Number of sacral vertebrae

Answer 11

5

Question 12

Number of coccygeal vertebrae

Answer 12

4 (fused)

Question 13

Number of true ribs

Answer 13

7 (upper 7 attached to sternum)

Question 14

Number of false ribs

Answer 14

3 (ribs 8-10 attached to costal cartilage of upper ribs)

Question 15

Number of floating ribs

Answer 15

2 (ribs 11 & 12 do not have an anterior)

Question 16

Long bone structure

Answer 16

• outer layer is compact bone (hard)
• inner layer is spongy bone
• epiphyses at either end covered by articular cartilage
• associated with larger movements

Question 17

Short bone structure

Answer 17

• cube shaped

- associated with smaller, more complex movements

Question 18

Flat bone structure

Answer 18

• thin & flattened
• protects vital organs
• usually slightly curved

Question 19

Irregular bone structure

Answer 19

• complicated (irregular) shape

Question 20

Sesamoid bone structure

Answer 20

• small bones held within tendons

Question 21

Long bone examples

Answer 21

1. Femur
2. Humerus
3. Phalanges

Question 22

Short bone examples

Answer 22

1. Carpals

Question 23

Flat bone examples

Answer 23

1. Sternum
2. Ribs
3. Scapula

Question 24

Irregular bone examples

Answer 24

1. Vertebrae

Question 25

Sesamoid bone examples

Answer 25

1. Patella

Question 26

Structure of bones

Answer 26

1. Diaphysis 2. Epiphysis 3. Articular cartilage 4. Periosteum 5. Endosteum 6. Medullary cavity

Question 27

Properties of the diaphysis

Answer 27

- shaft of bone | - compact bone

Question 28

Properties of the ephiphysis

Answer 28

- ends of bone - contain more spongy bone - covered in articular cartilage

Question 29

Properties of articular cartilage

Answer 29

- covers end of bone - protects bone - forms smooth joint

Question 30

Properties of the periosteum

Answer 30

- membrane that lines outer surface of all bones - irregular - regenerates quickly

Question 31

Properties of the endosteum

Answer 31

- membrane that lines inner surface of all bones | - regenerates quickly

Question 32

Properties of the medullary cavity

Answer 32

- contains red and yellow marrow - more red in children's - red marrow produced in heads of bone in adults

Question 33

Bone composition

Answer 33

1. Extracellular matrix 2. Osteon 3. Lacunae

Question 34

Bone cells

Answer 34

1. Osteogenic cells 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteocytes 4. Osteoclasts

Question 35

What is the extracellular matrix?

Answer 35

Organic matrix made up of proteins and collagen fibres

Question 36

What is an osteon

Answer 36

- main structure within compact bone - weight-bearing pillars within bone - contain lamellae - Haversian Canal - Volksmann Canals

Question 37

Haversian Canal

Answer 37

Contains blood vessels and nerves in osteons

Question 38

Volksmann Canals function

Answer 38

Connect osteons to each other and the periosteum

Question 39

What is the lacunae?

Answer 39

- contains osteocytes | - found in pits in lamellae

Question 40

Location of osteogenic cells

Answer 40

Throughout bone

Question 41

Function of osteogenic cells

Answer 41

Differentiate into osteoblasts or stay as bone stem cells

Question 42

What is different about osteogenic cells compared to the other bone cells?

Answer 42

They are able to reproduce themselves as they are the only ones with the ability to undergo mitosis

Question 43

Function of osteoblasts

Answer 43

- secrete collagen fibres & other organic components needed to build bone matrix - initiate process of calcification

Question 44

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 44

Bone building cells

Question 45

What are osteocytes

Answer 45

Mature bone cells

Question 46

Function of osteocytes

Answer 46

- maintain daily function of bones - maintain mineral concentration in matrix - exchange nutrients with the blood

Question 47

Location of osteoclasts

Answer 47

Concentrated in the endosteum

Question 48

Function of osteoclasts

Answer 48

Releases cells that breakdown the bone matrix

Question 49

Formation of osteoclasts

Answer 49

Formed from the fusion of many white blood cells