sorghum (johnson grass)
* contains cyanide/cyanogen
* inhibits mitochondiral cytochrome oxidase. oxyhemoglobin cannot release O2 for electron transport leading to cellular hypoxia
* Clinical signs: 10-15 mins after eating and often acute death, excitement, muscle tremors, dyspnea, salivation, urination and defecation, bright red cheery blood and MM, almond smell
* treatment: sodium nitrite creates methemoglobin that binds to cyanide, sodium thiosulfate form thiocyanate that is excreted in urine
other cyanide plants: Chokecherry (Prunus sp), Vetch, Hydrangea, Johnson grass (Sorghum)
chokecherry (prunus)
* contains cyanide/cyanogen
* inhibits mitochondiral cytochrome oxidase. oxyhemoglobin cannot release O2 for electron transport leading to cellular hypoxia
* Clinical signs: 10-15 mins after eating and often acute death, excitement, muscle tremors, dyspnea, salivation, urination and defecation, bright red cheery blood and MM, almond smell
* treatment: sodium nitrite creates methemoglobin that binds to cyanide, sodium thiosulfate form thiocyanate that is excreted in urine
other cyanide plants: Chokecherry (Prunus sp), Vetch, Hydrangea, Johnson grass (Sorghum)
how to treat?
sorghum (johnson grass)
* contains cyanide/cyanogen
* inhibits mitochondiral cytochrome oxidase. oxyhemoglobin cannot release O2 for electron transport leading to cellular hypoxia
* Clinical signs: 10-15 mins after eating and often acute death, excitement, muscle tremors, dyspnea, salivation, urination and defecation, bright red cheery blood and MM, almond smell
* treatment: sodium nitrite creates methemoglobin that binds to cyanide with a greater affinity than cytochrome oxidase, sodium thiosulfate form thiocyanate that is excreted in urine
what color will blood and MM?
sorghum (johnson grass)
* contains cyanide/cyanogen
* inhibits mitochondiral cytochrome oxidase. oxyhemoglobin cannot release O2 for electron transport leading to cellular hypoxia
* Clinical signs: 10-15 mins after eating and often acute death, excitement, muscle tremors, dyspnea, salivation, urination and defecation, bright red cheery blood and MM, almond smell
* treatment: sodium nitrite creates methemoglobin that binds to cyanide with a greater affinity than cytochrome oxidase, sodium thiosulfate form thiocyanate that is excreted in urine
Pigweed (amaranthus)
* nitrate accumulating plant
* cattle: cause decrease to nitrite by microbes in the rumen
* causes methemoglobinemia- chocolate colored blood- with lower O2 carrying capacity
* Clinical signs: muddy mm, dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia
* Treatment: 1% methylene blue- reduces methemoglobin
Other Nitrate plants: Pigweed (Amaranthus), Nightshades (Solanum), Oat hay, Sorghum, Rye, Alfalfa.
what color will MM and blood be?
Pigweed (amaranthus)
* nitrate accumulating plant
* cattle: cause decrease to nitrite by microbes in the rumen
* causes methemoglobinemia- chocolate colored blood- with lower O2 carrying capacity
* Clinical signs: muddy mm, dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia
* Treatment: 1% methylene blue- reduces methemoglobin
Other Nitrate plants: Pigweed (Amaranthus), Nightshades (Solanum), Oat hay, Sorghum, Rye, Alfalfa.
Nightshades (solanum)
* nitrate accumulating plant
* cattle: cause decrease to nitrite by microbes in the rumen
* causes methemoglobinemia- chocolate colored blood- with lower O2 carrying capacity
* Clinical signs: muddy mm, dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia
* Treatment: 1% methylene blue- reduces methemoglobin
Other Nitrate plants: Pigweed (Amaranthus), Nightshades (Solanum), Oat hay, Sorghum, Rye, Alfalfa.
what are some cardiotoxic plants
oleander(nerium oleander)- cardiotoxic plant: Contains cardiac glycosides, oleandrin and neriine.
Clinical signs: salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, collapse and acute death is possible
Treatment: emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, procainamide or quinidine for AV block
other cardiotoxic plants: oleander (nerium oleander), foxglove(digitalis purpurea), lily of the valley (convallaria majalis) , yew (cuspidata), rhododendron(azalea)
Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)- Contains cardiac glycosides, which increase contractility and decrease
heart rate via vagal stimulation, prolonging diastole.
Clinical signs: salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, collapse and acute death is possible
Treatment: emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, procainamide or quinidine for AV block
other cardiotoxic plants: oleander (nerium oleander), foxglove(digitalis purpurea), lily of the valley (convallaria majalis) , yew (cuspidata), rhododendron(azalea)
Lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis)- Contains >20 cardiac glycosides, has a digitalis-like action
Clinical signs: salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, collapse and acute death is possible
Treatment: emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, procainamide or quinidine for AV block
other cardiotoxic plants: oleander (nerium oleander), foxglove(digitalis purpurea), lily of the valley (convallaria majalis) , yew (cuspidata), rhododendron(azalea)
Yew (Taxus sp. including cuspidata)- Contains taxine alkaloids A and B, which inhibit cardiac depolarization.
Clinical signs: salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, collapse and acute death is possible
Treatment: emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, procainamide or quinidine for AV block
other cardiotoxic plants: oleander (nerium oleander), foxglove(digitalis purpurea), lily of the valley (convallaria majalis) , yew (cuspidata), rhododendron(azalea)
Azalea (Rhododendron)- Contains andromedotoxins, which bind membrane sodium channels,
leading to excitation and movement of calcium intracellularly for an effect similar to digitalis.
Clinical signs: salivation, nausea, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, collapse and acute death is possible
Treatment: emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, procainamide or quinidine for AV block
other cardiotoxic plants: oleander (nerium oleander), foxglove(digitalis purpurea), lily of the valley (convallaria majalis) , yew (cuspidata), rhododendron(azalea)
what plants can cause photosensitization
- St John’s wort (hypericum perforatum)
- Secondary photosensitization- Any plant causing liver failure, including Rape (Brassica sp),
Blue-green algae (Microcystis sp), Groundsel (Senecio sp), Crotalaria sp, and Amsinckia intermedia
St John’s wort (hypericum perforatum)
- causes primary photosenitization- increased susceptibility to UV light damage
- effectsL white skinned area, thin non pigmented area (sclera, udder, muzzle, dorsum)
- Primary: when ingested or absorbed it is metabolized to become photodynamic (becomes a high energy molecule when exposed to UV light, causing membrane and free radical damage), usually just effects skin, better prognosis that 2nd photo
- Secondary: impaired liver function reduces excretion of plant pigments (phyllorythrin, chlorophyll breakdown product)- damages liver and skin
- Clinical signs: erythema, sunburn, itchy, hyperesthesia
Primary photo: St Johns wort (hypericum perforatum)
2nd: any plant that causes liver problems: Rape (brassica sp), blue green algea, groundsel (senecio sp)
Groundsel (senecio sp)
- causes 2ndary photosenitization- increased susceptibility to UV light damage by damaging the liver
- effectsL white skinned area, thin non pigmented area (sclera, udder, muzzle, dorsum)
- Primary: when ingested or absorbed it is metabolized to become photodynamic (becomes a high energy molecule when exposed to UV light, causing membrane and free radical damage), usually just effects skin, better prognosis that 2nd photo
- Secondary: impaired liver function reduces excretion of plant pigments (phyllorythrin, chlorophyll breakdown product)- damages liver and skin
- Clinical signs: erythema, sunburn, itchy, hyperesthesia
Primary photo: St Johns wort (hypericum perforatum)
2nd: any plant that causes liver problems: Rape (brassica sp), blue green algea, groundsel (senecio sp)
tiny yellow flowers
Brassica spp (Rape)
- causes 2ndary photosenitization- increased susceptibility to UV light damage by damaging the liver
- effectsL white skinned area, thin non pigmented area (sclera, udder, muzzle, dorsum)
- Primary: when ingested or absorbed it is metabolized to become photodynamic (becomes a high energy molecule when exposed to UV light, causing membrane and free radical damage), usually just effects skin, better prognosis that 2nd photo
- Secondary: impaired liver function reduces excretion of plant pigments (phyllorythrin, chlorophyll breakdown product)- damages liver and skin
- Clinical signs: erythema, sunburn, itchy, hyperesthesia
Primary photo: St Johns wort (hypericum perforatum)
2nd: any plant that causes liver problems: Rape (brassica sp), blue green algea, groundsel (senecio sp)
tiny yellow flowers
lupine (lupinus sp)
- neurotoxic plant
- affects sheep
- contains lupinine, a quinolizidine alkaloid- induces nicotinic effects
- clinical signs: salivation, incoordination, head pressing, aimless, muscle tremors, seizures, dyspnea
- Teratogen in cattle, NOT sheep: day 40-70 of gestation- crooked calf syndrome, torticollis, scoliosis, carpal flexure
other neuro plants: lupine (lupinus), poison hemlock (conium maculatum),Larkspur (delphinium), nightshade (solanum sp), bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum)
will do what to sheep?
lupine (lupinus sp)
- neurotoxic plant
- affects sheep
- contains lupinine, a quinolizidine alkaloid- induces nicotinic effects
- clinical signs: salivation, incoordination, head pressing, aimless, muscle tremors, seizures, dyspnea
- Teratogen in cattle, NOT sheep: day 40-70 of gestation- crooked calf syndrome, torticollis, scoliosis, carpal flexure
other neuro plants: lupine (lupinus), poison hemlock (conium maculatum),Larkspur (delphinium), nightshade (solanum sp), bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum)
will do what to cows?
lupine (lupinus sp)
- neurotoxic plant
- affects sheep
- contains lupinine, a quinolizidine alkaloid- induces nicotinic effects
- clinical signs: salivation, incoordination, head pressing, aimless, muscle tremors, seizures, dyspnea
- Teratogen in cattle, NOT sheep: day 40-70 of gestation- crooked calf syndrome, torticollis, scoliosis, carpal flexure
other neuro plants: lupine (lupinus), poison hemlock (conium maculatum),Larkspur (delphinium), nightshade (solanum sp), bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum)
Poison hemlock (conium maculatum)
- neurotoxic plant: contains coniine and pyridine-type alkaloids
- Clinical signs: develop very rapidly: salivation, V/D, muscle tremors, weakness, covuslions, death by respiratory failure
other neuro plants: lupine (lupinus), poison hemlock (conium maculatum),Larkspur (delphinium), nightshade (solanum sp), bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum)
larkspur (delphinium)
- neurotoxic plant: polycylic diterpene alkaloids
- reversibly bind to and competitively block neuromuscular receptors, cholinergic and nicotinic antagonist
- Cattle: toxic window - tall plant- impairing eructation
- clinical signs: bloat, excitability, muscle tremors, stiffness, paresis, seizures, arrhythmia, death by respiratory paralysis, fatal penumonia
what animal is most effected by eating
larkspur (delphinium)
- neurotoxic plant: polycylic diterpene alkaloids
- reversibly bind to and competitively block neuromuscular receptors, cholinergic and nicotinic antagonist
- Cattle: toxic window - tall plant- impairing eructation
- clinical signs: bloat, excitability, muscle tremors, stiffness, paresis, seizures, arrhythmia, death by respiratory paralysis, fatal penumonia
Nightshade (solanum sp)
* neurotoxic and accumulating nitrates
* Nitrite causes methemoglobinemia- chocolate colored blood and muddy mm with reduced O2 carrying capacity
* GI irritant (glycoalkaloid)
* Neuro toxin (aglycone)
* Clinical signs: dyspnea, tremors, convulsions, ataxia, tachycardia, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, V/D, apathy, paresis/paralysis, unconsciousness
* Treatment: 1% methylene blue- reduces methemoglobin
Nitrate: pigweed, nightshade, sorghum
