Otic Flashcards

Question

OE symps.

Answer 1

pruritis severe pain pain when touching tragus or pinna edema and erythema of canal discharge in canal hearing loss

Answer 2

cellulitis mastoiditis

Answer 3

wick ofloxacin otic 5-7 days ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone BID x 7 oral antibiotics severe

Answer 4

in the elderly, immunocompromised, and diabetics infection can migrate to the base of skull (osteomyletis) can spread to meninges and brain facial CN involvement thrombosis of sigmoid sinus severe ear pain edema discharge granulation tissue P. aeruginosa

Answer 5

elevated ESR or CRP culture of ear drainage CT biospy bone scan uncomplicated= ciprofloxacin (IV) complicated= ciprofloxacin (IV) plus piperacillin and refer to ENT

Answer 6

inflammation of the lining of the cartilage pseudomonas aeruginosa treat w/ ciprofloxacin does not involve ear lobe

Answer 7

inflammation of the skin of the auricle strep or staph treat w/ PO cephalexin

Answer 8

separation of the anterior auricle perichondrium from the underlying cartilage->hematoma->cauliflower ear

Answer 9

>50% of childhood hearing impairment is hereditary autosomal recessive usher syndrome retinitis pigmentosa neurofibromatosis alport syndrome

Answer 10

auricle EAC middle ear EAC obstruction TM perforation disruption of ossicular chain osteosclerosis of stapes edema neoplasms cholesteatoma

Answer 11

inner ear central auditory pathways viral drugs fracture of temporal bone meningitis meniere's disease presbycusis cochlear otosclerosis

Answer 12

can cause hemotympanum

Answer 13

laterization to affected side (conductive hearing loss) laterization to normal or better hearing side (sensorineural hearing loss) BC>AC (conductive hearing loss) AC>BC (sensorineural hearing loss)

Answer 14

deficiency hearing high-frequency sound ranges

Answer 15

deficiency hearing low-frequency sounds

Answer 16

hearing only auricle and EAM-> funnels sound waves into auditory canal and transmits sound waves to eardrum tympanic membrane-> vibrates in response to sound and transfers sound energy to bones of middle ear

Answer 17

hearing only connected to eustachian tube

Answer 18

hearing and equilibrium embedded in temporal bone of cranium aka labyrinth

Answer 19

a congenital anomaly affecting the outer ear (pinna) where the ear does not fully develop during the first trimester of pregnancy

Answer 20

aka aural atresia is the absence or closure of the external auditory ear canal. The malformation of the middle ear bones (incus, stapes, and malleus) may be affected including the narrowing of the ear canal, known as canal stenosis. “absence of an opening”.

Answer 21

condition affects development of one side of the baby’s face before birth

Answer 22

superior portion of middle ear (roof of cavity)

Answer 23

canal for communication with mastoid air cells in mastoid process

Answer 24

connects middle ear to nasopharynx aka eustachian tube equalizes pressure in middle ear cavity w/ external air pressure (sounds distorted if not equal)

Answer 25

malleus incus stapes transfer vibration of eardrum to oval window tympanic membrane is about 20x larger than oval window, so vibration transferred to oval window is amplified about 20x

Answer 26

allow malleus to articulate with incus, which articulates with stapes

Answer 27

transmit vibratory motion of eardrum to oval window

Answer 28

contract reflexively in response to loud sounds to prevent damage to hearing receptors

Answer 29

system of tortuous channels and cavities that worm through the bone vestibule, SCC, cochlea filled w/ perilymph fluid (similar to CSF)

Answer 30

series of membranous sacs and ducts contained in bony labyrinth filled with potassium-rich endolymph

Answer 31

Central egg-shaped cavity of bony labyrinth saccule and utricle (sacs)

Answer 32

continuous w/ cochlear duct

Answer 33

continuous w/ SCC

Answer 34

house equilibrium receptor regions (maculae) that respond to gravity and changes in position of head

Answer 35

Membranous semicircular ducts line each canal and communicate with utricle

Answer 36

enlarged area of ducts of each canal that houses equilibrium receptor region called the crista ampullaris receptors respond to angular (rotational) movements of the head

Answer 37

scala vestibule (perilymph) scala media (endolymph) scala tympani (perilymph) contains cochlear hair cells functionally arranged in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells hair cells are sandwiched between tectorial and basilar membranes the cochlear branch of nerve VIII runs from spiral organ to brain

Answer 38

clear extracellular fluid like CSF (high in Na+ and low in K+) located in inner ear

Answer 39

clear extracellular fluid (high in K+ and low in Na+) located in inner ear (cochlear duct) stimulate the receptor cells which lead to nerve impulses to the brain

Answer 40

“roof” of cochlear duct that separates scala media from scala vestibuli

Answer 41

external wall of cochlear duct composed of mucosal secretes endolymph

Answer 42

Basilar membrane, which supports spiral organ Separates scala media from scala tympani

Answer 43

are continuous with each other at helicotrema (apex)

Answer 44

the reception of an air sound wave that is converted to a fluid wave that ultimately stimulates mechanosensitive cochlear hair cells that send impulses to the brain for interpretation

Answer 45

a pressure disturbance (alternating areas of high and low pressure) produced by a vibrating object and propagated by molecules of the medium (air

Answer 46

Air molecules that are displaced by object movement are pushed forward into adjacent area, adding to air molecules already there * Creates an area of high pressure due to compression of molecules together * As object returns to original position, the area it leaves now has fewer air molecules * Creates an area of low pressure due to presence of fewer air molecules * Referred to as rarefaction

Answer 47

sound waves enter external acoustic meatus and strike tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate the higher the intensity, the more vibration

Answer 48

stapes rocks back and forth on oval window with each vibration, causing wave motions in perilymph fluid: wave ends at round window, causing it to bulge outward into middle ear cavity

Answer 49

waves with frequencies below threshold of hearing travel through helicotrema and scali tympani to round window

Answer 50

sounds in hearing range go through cochlear duct, vibrating basilar membrane at specific location, according to frequency of sound mechanically processes sound even before signals reach receptors

Answer 51

movement of different areas of basilar membrane in response to a particular frequency

Answer 52

shorter and stiff resonate with high-frequency waves

Answer 53

longer and floppier resonate with lower-frequency waves

Answer 54

– Movement of basilar membrane deflects hairs of inner hair cells * Cochlear hair cells have microvilli that contain many stereocilia (hairs) that bend at their base * Longest hair cells are connected to shortest hair cells via tip links * Tip links, when pulled on, open ion channels they are connected to – Stereocilia project into K+ -rich endolymph, with longest hairs enmeshed in or attach to gel-like tectorial membrane Bending of stereocilia toward tallest ones pull on tip links, causing K+ and Ca2+ ion channels in shorter stereocilia to open * K+ and Ca2+ flow into cell, causing receptor potential that can lead to release of neurotransmitter (glutamate) * Can trigger AP in afferent neurons of cochlear nerve * Bending of stereocilia toward shorter ones causes tip links to relax * Ion channels close, leading to repolarization

Answer 55

1. Spiral ganglion of cochlear nerve → 2. Cochlear nuclei (medulla) → 3. Superior olivary nucleus (pons-medulla) → 4. Lateral lemniscus (tract) → 5. Inferior colliculus (midbrain auditory reflex center) → 6. Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) → 7. Primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex)

Answer 56

Blocked sound conduction to fluids of internal ear: Causes include impacted earwax, perforated eardrum, otitis media, otosclerosis of the ossicles

Answer 57

Damage to neural structures at any point from cochlear hair cells to auditory cortical cells Typically, from gradual hair cell loss

Answer 58

equilibrium receptors in semicircular canals and vestibule: – Vestibular receptors monitor static equilibrium – Semicircular canal receptors monitor dynamic equilibrium

Answer 59

sensory receptor organs that monitor static equilibrium One organ located in each saccule wall and one in each utricle wall (vestibule) * Monitor the position of head in space * Play a key role in control of posture * Respond to linear acceleration forces, but not rotation

Answer 60

Receptor for rotational acceleration Small elevation in ampulla of each semicircular canal excited by acceleration and deceleration of head: – Major stimuli are rotational (angular) movements, such as twirling of the body – Semicircular canals are located in all three planes of space, so cristae can pick up on all rotational movements of head

Answer 61

goes to reflex centers in brain stem: Allows fast, reflexive responses to imbalance so we don’t fall down

Answer 62

1. Vestibular receptors 2. Visual receptors 3. Somatic receptors (skin, muscles, and joints)

Answer 63

travel to either vestibular nuclei in brain stem or to cerebellum

Answer 64

sensory inputs are mismatched – Visual input differs from equilibrium input – Conflicting information causes motion sickness – Warning signs are excess salivation, pallor, rapid deep breathing, profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting – Treatment with antimotion drugs that depress vestibular input, such as meclizine and scopolamine

Otic Flashcards

(88 cards)