Outbreak

Question 1

What does HAI stand for?

Answer 1

Heathcare associated infection

Question 2

What is a healthcare associated infection?

Answer 2

Infection you might catch when getting healthcare in the hospital or community

Question 3

What are the most common infections in hospitals?

Answer 3

Urine infections, infections after surgery, skin infections, sickness and diarrhoea

Question 4

What is a hospital acquired infection?

Answer 4

Infection after being in hospital for more than 48 hours

Question 5

What are the most common hospital acquired infections?

Answer 5

• UTI (23%)
  
  • Mainly related to catheterisation
• Surgical site infection (19%)
• Respiratory tract infection (18%)
• Bloodstream infections (11%)
• GI infection
• Skin and soft tissue infection

Question 6

What is an outbreak?

Answer 6

An infection defined as 2 or more cases of an infection linked in time and place

Question 7

What does IPCT stand for?

Answer 7

Infection, prevention and control team

Question 8

What is the purpose of the IPCT?

Answer 8

Prevent infections and outbreaks

Question 9

What are the steps in the chain of infection?

Answer 9

1) Infectious agent
2) Reservoir
3) Portal of exit
4) Transmission
5) Portal of entry
6) Susceptible host

Question 10

What are examples of infectious agents?

Answer 10

• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi
• Prion

Question 11

What are examples of reservoirs?

Answer 11

• Humans
• Equipment
• Environment
• Food
• Animals

Question 12

What are examples of portals of exit?

Answer 12

• Blood and body fluids
• Skin scales/wound
• Coughing and sneezing

Question 13

What are examples of modes of transmission?

Answer 13

• Direct or indirect
• Inhalation
• Ingested of contaminated

Question 14

What are examples of portals of entry?

Answer 14

• Skin/surgical wounds
• Eyes or mouth
• Respiratory tract
• Intestinal tract
• Tubes

Question 15

What are examples of things that make people susceptible hosts?

Answer 15

• Underdeveloped immune system
• Decreasing immune system
• Drugs or disease
• Tubes

Question 16

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection to stop outbreaks at the infectious agent phase?

Answer 16

1. Diagnosis and treatment
2. Antimicrobial stewardship

Question 17

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the reservoir phase?

Answer 17

1. Cleaning
2. Infection prevention
3. Pest control

Question 18

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the portal of exit phase?

Answer 18

1. Hand hygiene
2. PPE
3. Personal hygiene
4. First aid
5. Removal of catheters and tubes

Question 19

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the mode of transmission phase?

Answer 19

1. Hand hygiene
2. PPE
3. Food safety
4. Cleaning
5. Isolation

Question 20

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the susceptible host phase?

Answer 20

1. Immunisation
2. Treatment of underlying disease
3. Health insurance
4. Patient education

Question 21

What are the 5 points of hand hygeine?

Answer 21

1) Before patient contact
2) Before aseptic procedure
3) After body fluid exposure
4) After patient contact
5) After touching patient environment

Question 22

What does TBPs stand for?

Answer 22

Transmission based precautions

Question 23

What are some examples of transmission based precautions?

Answer 23

• Contact
• Gloves
• Apron
• Masks
• Eye protection

Question 24

What are some airborne precautions for isolated patients?

Question 25

What are some droplet precautions?

Question 26

What are some contact precautions?

Answer 26

Question 28

What are the different kinds of airborne transmission?

Answer 28

* Droplet * \>5um * Spread assumed to be around 1m * Drop to ground * Aerosol * \<5um * Much more widespread * Remain suspended in the air

Question 29

Compare and contrast droplet and aerosol transmission?

Answer 29

* Droplet * \>5um * Spread assumed to be around 1m * Drop to ground * Aerosol * \<5um * Much more widespread * Remain suspended in the air

Question 30

What is the smallest size of an object that the human eye can see?

Answer 30

40um

Question 31

What is cleaning?

Answer 31

Physical removal of organic material and decrease in microbial load

Question 32

What is disinfection?

Answer 32

Large reduction in microbe numbers

Question 33

What is sterilisation?

Answer 33

Removal/destruction of all microbes and spores

Question 34

What cleaning method is used for low risk, medium risk, and high risk things?

Answer 34

* Low risk * Intact skin contact such as stethoscopes, cots, mattresses * Cleaning with manufacturer’s instructions * Medium risk * Mucous membrane contact such as bedpans, vaginal specula, endoscopes * Cleaning with disinfection or sterilisation as appropriate * High risk * Surgical instruments * Cleaning with sterilisation

Question 35

What are some methods of disinfection?

Answer 35

* Heat * Pasteurisation (such as bedpans, linin, dishwaters) * Boiling (vaginal specula, ear syringes) * Chemical * Chemicals vary in their organism activity * Examples are alcohol, chlorhexidine, hypochlorites, hydrogen peroxide

Question 36

What are some methods of sterilisation?

Answer 36

* Steam under pressure (autoclave) * Hot air oven * Gas (ethylene dioxide) * Ionising radiation

Question 37

What are different types of surveillance?

Answer 37

* Local surveillance * Laboratory based * Ward/clinical area based * National surveillance * Examples are E. Coli (2016), MRSA bacteraemia (2006)

Question 38

What is the purpose of surveillance?

Answer 38

To detect and identify possible outbreaks at earliest opportunity