GCSE Physics - Paper 2 > P5 > Flashcards

P5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do scalar quantities have?

A

Magnitude (size) only

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2
Q

What do vector quantities have?

A

Magnitude (size) and direction

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3
Q

What are 5 examples of scalar quantities?

A

Mass, temperature, speed, distance, time

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4
Q

What are 6 examples of vector quantities?

A

Displacement, weight, force, velocity, acceleration, momentum

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5
Q

How are vectors shown?

A

Vector quantities are shown with arrows where the length represents the magnitude and the direction represents the direction

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6
Q

What is a force?

A

A push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another object

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7
Q

Are all forces vector quantities or scalar quantities?

A

Vector quantities

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8
Q

What is the unit of force?

A

Newton (N)

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9
Q

What is a contact force?

A

When the 2 objects are physically touching

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10
Q

What is a non-contact force?

A

When the 2 objects are physically separated

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11
Q

What are three examples of contact forces?

A

Tension, friction, air resistance

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12
Q

What are three examples of non-contact forces?

A

Gravity, electrostatic, magnetic

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13
Q

What is gravity?

A

A non-contact force of attraction between objects

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14
Q

What is mass?

A

How much matter an object has in it

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15
Q

The weight of an object is ________ proportional to the mass of the object

A

The weight of an object is directly proportional to the mass of the object

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16
Q

How can you determine an objects weight?

A

Use a calibrated spring-balance (newtonmeter)

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17
Q

What is the centre of mass?

A

The single point where the weight of an object can be considered to act

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18
Q

What is the resultant force?

A

A single force that has the same effect as all of the original forces acting together

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19
Q

What are two facts of a free body diagram?

A
  • The object is shown as a point
  • The forces are drawn as arrows starting at the point
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20
Q

What are the 8 steps to drawing a vector diagram to find the resultant force?

A

1- decide a scale (cm:N)
2- draw the first force using the scale as guidance for the length of the arrow
3- use a protractor to make the angle
4- do the second arrow using the same scale for the other force
5- complete the parallelogram
6- draw the vector by joining the object and the opposite point
7- measure the length of the vector
8- convert the length of your vector to newtons to find the resultant force

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21
Q

What are the 7 steps to find the horizontal and vertical components of a force?

A

1- determine a scale
2- draw your object as a point and add faint lines to show the x and y axes
3- use a protractor to measure the angle
4- draw the vector using a ruler to the right length
5- draw dotted lines from the head of the vector o the x and y axes
6- draw the horizontal and vertical components
7- use a ruler to determine the magnitude of both the components

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22
Q

What is work?

A

The energy transfer when force is used to move an object

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23
Q

What will elastic materials do if we take away the forces acting on them?

A

Elastic materials will return back to their original length or shape if we take away the forces acting on them

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24
Q

What is elastic deformation?

A

The change in shape or length of an elastic material when forces are applied

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25
What do we have to do in order to change an object's length or shape?
We have to apply more than one force
26
What is Hooke's law?
The extension of an elastic object, such as a spring, is directly proportional to the force applied, provided that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.
27
What is the moment of a force?
The turning effect of a force
28
What are three examples of moments?
Closing/ opening a door, see-saw, hammer removing a nail
29
What must the distance be in order to calculate a moment?
When calculating a moment, the distance has to be perpendicular from the line of action of the force to the pivot
30
What does it mean when moments are at equilibrium?
sum of anticlockwise moments = sum of clockwise moments
31
What do levers do?
Transmit the turning effect of the force from one side of the pivot to the other
32
What do levers allow us to do?
Allows us to lift a heavy object by applying a relatively small amount of force
33
What do gears do?
transmit the turning effect of a force
34
What does the turning effect depend in gears?
The turning effect depends on the distance between the edge of the gear and the centre
35
In what direction does the force of gas in a container act?
At right angles
36
What happens to the pressure as you increase depth?
Pressure of liquid increases
37
What happens to the pressure of a liquid due to a higher density?
The pressure of a liquid increases with the higher the density of the liquid
38
What is upthrust?
The resultant force acting upwards
39
What are the forces like with upthrust?
Larger force acting on the bottom of the object than the top
40
How does an object float?
The upthrust must equal the object's weight
41
How does an object sink?
The upthrust is less than the objects weight
42
What is the size of the upthrust equal to?
The size of the upthrust acting on the object is the same as the weight of the water displaced by the object
43
What does displacement mean?
The distance that an object moves in a straight line from the start point to the finish point
44
What is the average walking speed?
1.5 m/s
45
What is the average running speed?
3 m/s
46
What is the average cycling speed?
6 m/s
47
What is the average speed of a car on a motorway?
30 m/s
48
What is the average speed of a fast train in the UK?
50 m/s
49
What is the average speed of a cruising aeroplane?
250 m/s
50
What is the speed of sound in air?
330 m/s
51
What is the velocity of an object?
The object's speed in a given direction
52
What happens to the velocity of an object when it moves at a constant speed in a circle?
The velocity is constantly changing
53
What does the acceleration of an object tell us?
The change in the object's velocity over a given time
54
What is the acceleration of an object falling freely under gravity near the Earth's surface?
9.8 m/s^2
55
What is terminal velocity?
The highest speed an object will reach when falling through a fluid
56
What can a fluid be?
Liquid or gas
57
What is Newton's first law?
An object will remain at rest, or move with a constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force
58
What happens when the resultant force acting on a stationary object is zero?
The object will remain stationary
59
What happens when the resultant force acting on a moving object is zero?
The object will continue moving in the same direction at the same speed
60
What is Newton's second law of motion?
The acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object
61
What is the typical acceleration required for a car to accelerate from a main road to the motorway?
2 m/s^2
62
What is inertial mass?
The inertial mass is a measure of how difficult it is to change the velocity of an object
63
What is Newton's third law?
Whenever two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite
64
What is the stopping distance?
The total distance travelled from when the driver first spots the obstruction to when the car stops
65
What are the two parts that make up stopping distance?
- Thinking distance - Braking distance
66
What is thinking distance?
The distance travelled by the car during the drivers reaction time
67
What is reaction time?
The time taken for the driver to spot the obstruction, make a decision and then move their foot to the brake
68
What is breaking distance?
The distance the car travels from when the driver applies the brakes to when the car stops
69
The greater the speed of the vehicle, the _______ the stopping distance.
The greater the speed of the vehicle, the greater the stopping distance
70
What are three examples of things which increase breaking distance?
- water or icy conditions - worn tyres - worn brakes
71
How do brakes work?
1. break presses against wheel 2. force of friction now acts between brake and wheel 3. kinetic energy of car is converted to thermal energy in the brakes 4. temperature of brakes increases 5. car slows down
72
What do all moving objects have?
momentum
73
What does conservation of momentum mean?
In a closed system, the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after an event
74
What do rapid changes in momentum lead to?
huge forces applying which can be dangerous
75
What are 5 examples of safety devices which slow down momentum change?
- airbags - seatbelts - crashmat - bike helmet - cushioned surfaces
GCSE Physics - Paper 2
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