What are the three main states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
How are particles arranged in a solid?
Closely packed in a fixed, regular pattern; vibrate around fixed positions.
How are particles arranged in a liquid?
Close together but can move and slide past each other.
How are particles arranged in a gas?
Far apart and move randomly at high speeds
What causes the particles in a substance to move?
Their kinetic energy due to temperature.
What happens to particle movement as temperature increases?
Particles move faster because their kinetic energy increases
What happens to the kinetic energy of particles when a substance is cooled?
Kinetic energy decreases and particles move more slowly.
In which state of matter do particles have the most kinetic energy?
Gas
What is the process called when a solid turns into a liquid?
Melting
What is the process called when a liquid turns into a gas?
Boiling or evaporation.
What is the process called when a gas turns into a liquid?
Condensation
What is the process called when a liquid turns into a solid?
Freezing or solidification.
What happens to the temperature of a substance during a change of state?
It stays constant while the substance absorbs or releases latent heat.
What is temperature a measure of?
The average kinetic energy of the particles.
What is the difference between heat and temperature?
Heat is energy transferred due to temperature difference; temperature measures average kinetic energy.
What does specific heat capacity mean?
The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.
What does specific latent heat mean?
The energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature
What causes gas pressure?
Collisions of gas particles with the walls of their container.
What happens to gas pressure when temperature increases (at constant volume)?
Pressure increases because particles move faster and collide more often with greater force.
What happens to gas pressure if the volume increases (at constant temperature)?
Pressure decreases because particles collide with the walls less frequently.
What is the relationship between pressure and volume for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature?
pV=constant.
What happens to the internal energy of a gas when it is heated?
It increases due to higher kinetic energy of particles.
What is internal energy?
The total energy stored in a substance’s particles due to their kinetic and potential energy.
What two types of energy make up internal energy?
Kinetic energy (movement) and potential energy (positions/bonds).
