Phase 3a Medicine > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 5 main features of Kawasaki disease?

A
  • Conjunctivitis, bilateral without exudate
  • Rash, polymorphic
  • Adenopathy, unilateral cervical (>1.5cm)
  • Strawberry tongue, cracked lips, pharyngitis
  • Hands and feet, erythema then desquamation
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2
Q

What is the treatment for Kawasaki disease?

A

High does IV immunoglobulin + aspirin

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3
Q

Why is aspirin not normally given in children?

A

Risk of Reye’s syndrome - causes brain and liver damage

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4
Q

What is the most common cardiac abnormality caused by Kawasaki disease?

A

Coronary artery aneurysms

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5
Q

What organism causes measles?

A

RNA paramyxovirus

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6
Q

How long is measles infective for?

A

From prodrome till 5 days after rash starts

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7
Q

What are the features of measles prodrome?

A
  • Cough
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Coryza
  • Cranky
  • Fever
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8
Q

How would you describe a measles rash?

A

Maculopapular, starts behind ears, becomes confluent, lasts for a few days

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9
Q

Management of measles

A
  • Supportive
  • Isolation
  • Vaccination of close contacts
  • Notifiable disease
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10
Q

What is the name for the small red spots often seen on the oral mucosa in measles?

A

Koplik’s spots

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11
Q

What is the most common complication of measles?

A

Otitis media

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12
Q

What organism causes rubella?

A

RNA rubella virus

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13
Q

How long is rubella infective for?

A

5 days before and after rash appears

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14
Q

Give the 3 main signs and symptoms of rubella

A
  • Low-grade fever
  • Maculopapular rash (starts on face)
  • Suboccipital lymphadenopathy
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15
Q

What complications can rubella cause in pregnancy?

A

Foetal malformations, including:

  • deafness
  • cataracts
  • heart defects
  • intellectual disabilities
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16
Q

What organism causes mumps?

A

RNA paramyxovirus

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17
Q

How long is mumps infective for?

A

7 days before and 9 days after parotid swelling begins

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18
Q

Give the 3 main signs/symptoms of mumps

A
  • Prodromal malaise
  • Fever
  • Painful, bilateral parotid swelling
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19
Q

What is the most common complication of mumps in males?

A

Orchitis -> infertility in 25% of teens/adults

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20
Q

Management of mumps

A
  • Rest and paracetamol

- Notifiable disease

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21
Q

What organism causes roseola infantum?

A

Herpes virus 6

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22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of roseola infantum?

A

Temperature for a few days, followed by a maculopapular rash, usually mild and self-limiting

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23
Q

How long should a child be off school for if they have roseola infantum?

A

No school exclusion

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24
Q

What is the most common complication associated with roseola infantum?

A

Febrile convulsions

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25
What organism causes erythrovirus/slapped cheek?
Parvovirus B19
26
Signs and symptoms of slapped cheek
- Mild unwellness for a few days - fever, coryza | - Followed by macular erythema rash on cheeks
27
How long should a child be off school for if they have slapped cheek?
No school exclusion - not infectious by the time rash develops
28
What organism causes hand, foot and mouth disease?
Coxsackie virus A16 or enterovirus
29
What are the main signs and symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease
Child mildly unwell, vesicles on palms, soles and mouth
30
Management of hand foot and mouth disease
Supportive, no school exclusion
31
What organism causes chickenpox/shingles?
Varicella-Zoster virus
32
Can chickenpox be caught off someone with shingles?
Yes
33
How long is chickenpox infective for?
4 days before rash, until all lesions have crusted over (approx. 5 days)
34
What are the main signs and symptoms of chickenpox?
- Initial temperature | - Rash: macules -> papules -> vesicles -> crusting
35
Management of chickenpox in a normal child
- Keep cool, trim nails | - Calamine lotion
36
How long should a child be off school for if they have chicken pox?
Until all lesions crusted
37
Management of chickenpox in an immunosuppressed child
IVIg
38
What is the most common complication of chickenpox?
secondary bacterial infection of lesions
39
What organism most commonly causes epiglottitis?
Hib - now vaccinated against
40
Give 3 risk factors for epiglottitis
- children not vaccinated - male gender - immunosuppression
41
Give 5 clinical features of epiglottitis
- dyspnoea - dysphagia - drooling - stridor - dysphonia - high-grade fever - dehydration
42
What position might a child be in if they have epiglottitis?
Tripod position
43
Investigations for epiglottitis
- Throat swabs - Blood cultures - FBC, CRP/ESR - Lateral neck x-ray
44
What sign is seen on a lateral neck x-ray of a child with epiglottitis?
Thumb-print sign
45
Management of epiglottitis
- Secure airway - Oxygen - IV antibiotics - cefotaxime/ceftriaxone - IV steroids - Nil by mouth until airway improved
46
What organism causes scarlet fever?
Strep. pyogenes
47
Signs and symptoms of scarlet fever
Sore throat | 12-48 hrs later - 'pin-prick' blanching rash, facial flushing with circumoral pallor, strawberry tongue
48
Treatment of scarlet fever
Penicillin/clarithromycin 10 days
49
What pathogen most commonly causes tonsillitis?
Group A strep. (strep pyogenes)
50
What is the biggest risk factor for tonsillitis?
Smoking
51
What are the 5 criteria of the feverPAIN score?
- Fever in past 24hrs - Purulence (pus on tonsils) - Attend rapidly (within 3 days of onset) - severely Inflammed tonsils - No cough or coryza
52
What does a high feverPAIN score indicate?
Tonsillitis likely caused by strep. infection -> antibiotics
53
Management of acute tonsillitis
- Analgesia - paracetamol, ibuprofen, topical difflam | - Antibiotics if bacterial - feverPAIN, Centor
54
What is the criteria used to determine if tonsillectomy is appropriate?
The SIGN criteria, at least 7 episodes in a year
55
What organism causes glandular fever?
Epstein-Barr virus
56
How is glandular fever spread?
Saliva - kissing
57
How long is the incubation period of glandular fever?
Up to 6 weeks
58
Give 5 clinical features of glandular fever
- Sore throat - Snoring - Swollen neck - Feverish - Headaches - Nausea and vomiting - General tiredness and aches - Hepatosplenomegaly
59
What investigation is diagnostic for glandular fever?
Monospot test
60
Management of glandular fever
Supportive
61
Give 3 complications of glandular fever
- Post-viral fatigue - GBS - Splenic rupture - avoid contact sport for 4-6wks
Phase 3a Medicine
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