Pancreas

Question 1

congenital anomaly: incomplete fusion of dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds/ducts; duct of santorini provides main drainage; may predispose to recurrent acute pancreatitis

Answer 1

pancreas divisum

Question 2

congenital anomaly: head of pancreas incircles the duodenum; can cause duodenal obstruction; associated with pancreatitis, duct obstruction, peptic ulcers

Answer 2

annular pancreas

Question 3

acute condition caused by inflammation and enzymatic necrosis of the pancreas resulting in acute onset of abdominal pain

Answer 3

actue pancreatitis

Question 4

metabolic etiologic agents in actue pancreatitis

Answer 4

alcohol, hyperlipoporteinemia, hypercalcemia, drugs, genetic

Question 5

mechanical etiologic agents in acute pancreatitis

Answer 5

gallstone, traumatic injury, perioperative injury

Question 6

vascular etiologic agents in acute pancreatitis

Answer 6

shock, atheroembolism, polyarteritis nodosa

Question 7

infectious etiologic agents in acute pancreatitis

Answer 7

mumps, coxsackie virus, m. pneumoniae

Question 8

Most common causes of acute pancreatitis

Answer 8

alcohol, gallstones

Question 9

edema, fat necrosis, parenchymal necrosis, hemorrhage, extra-pancreatic manifestations

Answer 9

acute pancreatitis

Question 10

repeated episodes of mild to moderate inflammation with continued loss of pancreatic tissue and subsequent fibrosis; most common in alcoholic males

Answer 10

chronic pancreatitis

Question 11

risks factors of which disease: alcohol, biliary disease, hypercalcemia and hyperlipidemia, pancreas divisum

Answer 11

chronic pancreatitis

Question 12

calcifications associated with …

Answer 12

chronic pancreatitis

Question 13

localized collection of pancreatic secretions that develop following inflammation; usually unilocular; lack a true epithelial lining; lined by fibrin and granulation tissue

Answer 13

pancreatic pseudocyst

Question 14

4th leading cause of cancer death in US; high mortality rate

Answer 14

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Question 15

10% experience migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau’s sign); may have elevated serum CA19-9

Answer 15

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Question 16

pancreatic adenocarcinoma lesions of head (60%) often involve …, producing obstructive symptoms and jaundice

Answer 16

ampulla

Question 17

25% of head tumors extend to …

Answer 17

duodenal wall

Question 18

most functional (hormones released causes symptoms) neuroendocrine tumors are …

Answer 18

benign

Question 19

most nonfunctional (hormones released by tumor do not cause symptoms) neuroendocrine tumors are …

Answer 19

malignant

Question 20

associated syndrome of neuroendocrine tumors: hypoglycemia, high insulin levels

Answer 20

hyperinsulinism- insulinoma

Question 21

associated syndrome of neuroendocrine tumors: recalcitrant peptic ulcer disease, gastric hypersecretion induced by gastrin, pancreatic islet cell tumor

Answer 21

zollinger-ellison syndrome (gastrinoma)

Question 22

associated syndrome of neuroendocrine tumors: alpha cell tumor, increased glucagon

Answer 22

glucagonoma

Question 23

associated syndrome of neuroendocrine tumors: delta cell tumor

Answer 23

somatostatinoma

Question 24

associated syndrome of neuroendocrine tumors: watery diarrhea

Answer 24

VIPoma

Question 25

70% women, associated with von Hippel Lindau syndrome, diabetes

Answer 25

serous cystadenoma

Question 26

papillary proliferation of ductal epithelium with excessive mucin production, usually oozing from ampulla of vater, with ductal dilation; treatment resect entire tumor; complex papillary fronds

Answer 26

intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm

Question 27

heterogeneous groups of disorders of the endocrine pancreas sharing hyperglycemia as a common feature

Answer 27

diabetes mellitus

Question 28

immunologically-mediated destruction of b-cells

Answer 28

diabetes mellitus type 1

Question 29

insufficiente insulin secretion relative to glucose load; insulin resistance of peripheral tissues

Answer 29

type 2 DM

Question 30

reduction in size and number of islets

Answer 30

type 1 DM

Question 31

amyloid replacement of islets

Answer 31

type 2 DM

Question 32

polyuria (increased urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger)

Answer 32

DM

Question 33

microangiopathy, atherosclerosis, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy

Answer 33

DM

Question 34

seen exclusively in type 1 DM; severe insulin deficiency; often precipitated by stress

Answer 34

diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 35

type 2 DM, dehydration from hyperglycemic diuresis; glucose usually higher than 600 mg/dL

Answer 35

nonketotic hyperosmolar coma

Question 36

DM diagnosis: random glucose greater than or equal to ... with classical signs and symptoms

Answer 36

200 mg/dL

Question 37

DM diagnosis: fasting glucose greater than or equal to ... on more than one occasion

Answer 37

126 mg/dL

Question 38

an abnormal ..., in which the glucose is greater than or = to 200 mg/dL 2 hrs after a standard carb load

Answer 38

oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

Question 39

hemoglobin A1C greater than or = to ...

Answer 39

6.5%