deontic vs epistemic
deontic - obligation
epistemic - less chance
aitchinson
s-curve
scheniders dynamic model
- foundation (eng is bought by colonisers = bilingualism)
- exonormative stabilisation (an ‘elite’ bilingualism rises led by colonisers
- nativisation (bilingual speakers form a new variety as ties with colonising country weakens)
- endonormative stabilisation (new linguistic norm is established)
- differentiation - varies emerge
acrolect - no differences
mesolect - some differences
basilect - furthest from std british english
when was inductrial revolution
1750s
how many langugaes does englihs borroiw from
over 350
types of power
Fairclough
- instrumental (explicit, higher authority, can be punished)
- influential (no force)
fairclough
synthetic personalisation
giles
communication accommodation theory
convergence divergence
joos
register
- frozen
- formal
- consultative
- casual
- intimate
discourses of language change
- decay
- disease
- conflict
- purity
- evolution
kacharu circles norms
inner - norm-providing
outer - norm-developing
expanding - norm-dependent
how many words did shakespeare invent
over 2000`
features of english as a lingua franca
- drop 3rd person present simple -s (she sit on the chair)
- interchangeability of relative pronoun (who/which)
- omission / insertion of articles
- uses high frequency verbs for semantic generality
- explicit statments
goffman
face theory
- positive = liked and valued
- negative = to not be imposed upon
baker
named polari
grice
maxims of conversation
- manner
- quality
- quantity
- relevance
what dialect did caxton select to print in
east midlands
- used in court and education (cambridge / oxford)
dia vs syn change
diachronic - historical development
synchronic - changes at same time period
