1
Q
What is the term for the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities?
A
Urbanisation.
2
Q
What term describes the outward spread of a built-up area, often at lower densities?
A
Suburbanisation.
3
Q
The movement of people from large urban areas to smaller villages or the countryside is known as _____.
A
Counter-urbanisation.
4
Q
What is the term for the movement of people back into the city centre, often after regeneration?
A
Re-urbanisation (or Gentrification).
5
Q
What economic term describes the decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing base?
A
Deindustrialisation.
6
Q
What is the term for unofficial jobs where people do not pay tax and have no legal protection, common in Mexico City?
A
The Informal Sector.
7
Q
The sector of the economy based on specialised knowledge, IT, and finance rather than physical products is called the _____.
A
Knowledge Economy.
8
Q
What does GNI per Capita measure?
A
It measures the total value of goods and services produced by a country, divided by the population (wealth).
9
Q
What are the three components of the Human Development Index (HDI)?
A
Life Expectancy, Education (mean years of schooling), and Wealth (GNI per capita).
10
Q
Why is the Human Development Index (HDI) considered a better measure of development than GNI per capita?
A
Because it is a composite measure that includes health and education, not just wealth.
11
Q
What is the name of the outdated concept suggesting a global division between a ‘Rich North’ and a ‘Poor South’?
A
The North-South Divide (The Brandt Line).
12
Q
In Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model, what are the characteristics of birth and death rates?
A
Both the Birth Rate (BR) and Death Rate (DR) are high, leading to a constant population.
13
Q
Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterised by a high birth rate and a falling death rate, causing rapid population growth?
A
Stage 2.
14
Q
India is in Stage 3 of the DTM; what does this mean for its birth and death rates?
A
The birth rate is falling while the death rate is low, so the population is still growing but more slowly.
15
Q
In Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model, what happens to the population size?
A
The population stabilises because both birth and death rates are low.
16
Q
Which stage of the DTM, seen in Japan and Germany, is characterised by the birth rate falling below the death rate?
A
Stage 5.
17
Q
What term describes having an uninterrupted, affordable, and reliable supply of energy?
A
Energy Security.
18
Q
A country that consumes more energy than it produces has an _____.
A
Energy Deficit.
19
Q
What is meant by a country’s ‘Energy Mix’?
A
The specific combination of different energy sources a country uses.
20
Q
Name two examples of renewable energy sources.
A
Wind, Solar, Tidal, or Geothermal.
21
Q
Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas are classified as what type of energy source?
A
Non-Renewable.
22
Q
Which two energy sources are classified as ‘recyclable’?
A
Nuclear and Biomass/Biofuels.
23
Q
What is a Transnational Corporation (TNC)?
A
A large company that operates in more than one country.
24
Q
What is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?
A
When a company or country invests money into the facilities or business of another country.
25
The process of subcontracting a business function, like a call centre, to a company in a cheaper country is known as _____.
Outsourcing.
26
In the Core and Periphery model, what defines the 'Core'?
The wealthy, highly developed heart of a country or the world.
27
What geographic feature was a key part of Birmingham's site, aiding its growth during the Industrial Revolution?
It was built on the Birmingham Plateau, with access to coal and iron.
28
In terms of its situation, why is Birmingham considered a major UK hub?
It is centrally located and is a hub for the M5, M6, and M42 motorways and the HS2 rail line.
29
What caused the deindustrialisation of Birmingham's 'Big Three' industries in the 1970s?
Increased global competition, as manufacturing moved to countries with lower labour costs.
30
How did the £530m Bullring project contribute to Birmingham's regeneration?
It rebranded the central business district (CBD) as a major retail destination and created 8,000 jobs.
31
Which flagship cultural building in Birmingham was designed to attract 'Knowledge Economy' workers?
The Library of Birmingham.
32
Name one wealthy suburb and one deprived inner-city area in Birmingham that illustrate its inequality.
Wealthy: Sutton Coldfield; Deprived: Ladywood or Aston.
33
What is a major environmental challenge related to Mexico City's site?
It was built on a drained lake bed, causing parts of the city to sink by up to 20cm per year.
34
Rapid urbanisation in Mexico City led to the growth of massive informal settlements like _____.
Neza-Chalco-Itza.
35
What was the name of the top-down air pollution programme in Mexico City?
The ProAire program.
36
Name one specific initiative from Mexico City's ProAire programme.
Hoy No Circula (No Drive Days) or the Metrobus expansion.
37
What is the 'Mercado de Trueque' in Mexico City?
A bottom-up 'barter market' where residents swap recyclable waste for vouchers to buy fresh food.
38
Why are birth rates falling in India, contributing to its position in Stage 3 of the DTM?
Women are receiving better education.
39
What major economic shift has occurred in India since the 1990s?
A shift from a majority working in the primary sector (farming) to massive growth in the tertiary/quaternary sectors (IT/Outsourcing).
40
What major change in 1991 allowed TNCs like Microsoft and BT to invest in India?
The introduction of open-market reforms.
41
In India's core-periphery divide, which region represents the 'core'?
Maharashtra (which includes Mumbai).
42
What is a key characteristic of India's periphery region, Bihar?
High poverty, low literacy (approx. 63%), and lack of reliable electricity.
43
What is meant by India's 'Demographic Dividend'?
Its 'youth bulge' (large working-age population) provides huge potential for economic growth.
44
By 1970, coal made up 75% of the UK's energy mix; what is its approximate share now?
Less than 2%.
45
In which specific renewable energy technology is the UK a world leader?
Offshore wind.
46
Why is the UK considered to have 'Energy Insecurity'?
It has an energy deficit, importing 35-40% of its energy, making it vulnerable to global price spikes.
47
What is fracking?
A controversial method of extracting shale gas by pumping high-pressure water and chemicals into rock.
48
State one major environmental concern associated with fracking.
The risk of minor earthquakes or groundwater pollution.
49
Why do High Income Countries (HICs) use more energy per person than LICs/NEEs?
They have 'High Energy Intensity' lifestyles (e.g., more cars, domestic appliances).
50
Describe the 'Spiral of Decline' that affected Birmingham after deindustrialisation.
Factories closed → Unemployment rose → Less tax revenue → Services declined → People moved out.
51
The regeneration of Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter, turning old factories into high-end apartments, is an example of what process?
Gentrification.
52
What is Birmingham's Clean Air Zone (CAZ)?
A scheme that charges high-pollution vehicles to enter the city centre.
53
In Mexico City's informal settlements, what are 'Self-Help Schemes'?
When residents build their own homes and campaign for services like electricity and water.
54
What physical geography feature in Mexico City traps smog at street level?
The surrounding mountains cause thermal inversions, creating a 'lid' of warm air.
55
The phenomenon where success in a core region like Mumbai attracts more investment and talent is known as the _____.
Positive Multiplier Effect.
56
What is 'Brain Drain' in the context of India's periphery regions like Bihar?
The migration of the most educated young people to core regions like Mumbai, worsening the periphery's situation.
57
Give one reason why India is an attractive location for TNCs to outsource to.
It has a large English-speaking population, lower wages than the UK, or a supply of educated graduates.
58
What does it mean for a TNC to be 'footloose'?
It can easily move its operations to another country if conditions (like wages) become less favourable.
59
What is the UK's 'Energy Gap'?
The shortfall in energy supply as coal power stations close and North Sea gas runs out.
60
What is the key advantage of nuclear power, like that from Hinkley Point C, over wind or solar power?
It provides 'Base Load' power, meaning it is always on and not intermittent.
61
What is meant by 'Resource Endowment' in the context of energy production?
The natural resources a country has available, such as Iceland's volcanoes for geothermal energy.
62
What is the specific geographical reason that Iceland has a high potential for geothermal energy?
Its location on a tectonic plate boundary provides access to volcanic heat.
63
The sinking of buildings like the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City is a result of what process?
Subsidence, caused by building on the soft clay of a drained lake bed.
64
The regeneration of Grand Central/New Street station in Birmingham was a £750m upgrade to what type of infrastructure?
A transport hub.
65
Why is the 'Youth Bulge' in India an economic advantage compared to the UK's 'Aging Population'?
India has a massive workforce to drive growth, whereas the UK faces high costs for healthcare and pensions.
66
67
What was the 'site' advantage for Birmingham during the Industrial Revolution?
It was built on the Birmingham Plateau, providing access to essential coal and iron resources.
68
Describe Birmingham's 'situation' within the UK.
It has a central UK location, serving as a hub for the M5, M6, and M42 motorways and the HS2 high-speed rail line.
69
What caused the decline of Birmingham's 'Big Three' industries in the 1970s?
Increased global competition led to the decline of the car, jewellery, and gun industries.
70
The process where factories close, leading to unemployment, reduced council tax, and declining services is known as the _____.
Spiral of Decline
71
How much was invested in the Bullring regeneration project to rebrand Birmingham's CBD?
The Bullring project cost £530 million.
72
How many jobs were created by the Bullring retail regeneration project in Birmingham?
The project created 8,000 jobs and attracts 35 million visitors annually.
73
What was the purpose of the £750m upgrade to Grand Central/New Street station in Birmingham?
It was a major transport hub upgrade as part of the city's regeneration.
74
The Library of Birmingham was a flagship cultural project designed to attract workers from which specific economic sector?
It was built to attract workers from the 'Knowledge Economy'.
75
What term describes the process in Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter where old factories were converted into high-end apartments?
Gentrification
76
What sustainability initiative in Birmingham charges high-pollution vehicles to enter the city centre?
The Clean Air Zone (CAZ).
77
Name the wealthy suburb and a deprived inner-city area in Birmingham that illustrate the city's inequality.
Sutton Coldfield (wealthy) and Ladywood/Aston (inner city, high unemployment).
78
What is a major physical problem with Mexico City's 'site'?
It is built on a drained lake bed, causing the city to sink by up to 20cm per year.
79
Term: Subsidence (in Mexico City)
The gradual sinking of an area of land, exemplified by the Palacio de Bellas Artes sinking over 4 metres.
80
What is the primary cause of the housing crisis in Mexico City?
Rapid urbanisation, with thousands of new arrivals each week, outpaces the government's ability to build formal housing.
81
What is the name of the massive informal settlement that resulted from rapid urbanisation in Mexico City?
Neza-Chalco-Itza.
82
How did residents in informal settlements like Neza-Chalco-Itza improve their living conditions over time?
They used Self-Help Schemes to build their own houses and campaigned for utilities like electricity and water.
83
What term describes jobs like street food vending or shoe shining in Mexico City that are not officially registered and pay no tax?
The Informal Sector.
84
A key disadvantage for people working in Mexico City's informal sector is a lack of job security and ____.
healthcare
85
What is the name of the top-down programme that helped improve Mexico City's air quality?
The ProAire program.
86
What environmental phenomenon in Mexico City involves mountains trapping a 'lid' of warm air, keeping smog at street level?
Thermal Inversions.
87
What is 'Hoy No Circula' in Mexico City?
A scheme of 'No Drive Days' to reduce traffic and air pollution.
88
Describe the 'Mercado de Trueque' in Mexico City as a bottom-up solution to waste.
It is a barter market where residents can swap recyclable waste for green vouchers to buy fresh food.
89
At which stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is India?
Stage 3.
90
Why are birth rates falling in India, characteristic of DTM Stage 3?
Women are receiving better education and have more control over their fertility.
91
India's economy has seen a massive shift from the primary sector to which two sectors?
The Tertiary (services) and Quaternary (knowledge) sectors.
92
What major economic change in 1991 allowed TNCs to invest in India?
India introduced open-market reforms.
93
Which core region in India is characterised by high GDP, literacy, and infrastructure?
Maharashtra, which contains the city of Mumbai.
94
Which periphery region in India is characterised by high poverty, low literacy, and subsistence farming?
Bihar.
95
The process where success in a core region like Mumbai attracts more investment and talent, leading to further growth, is called the _____.
Positive Multiplier Effect
96
What term describes the migration of the most educated young people from periphery regions like Bihar to core regions like Mumbai?
Brain Drain.
97
State two reasons why India is an attractive location for TNCs to outsource their operations.
It has a large English-speaking population and offers lower wages than HICs.
98
How does investment from TNCs positively impact India's Gross National Income (GNI)?
TNCs typically pay higher wages than local employers like farms, which increases the GNI.
99
What is the main risk for a country relying on TNC investment, related to the term 'footloose'?
TNCs can move their operations to another country if costs (like wages) become too high.
100
India's large working-age population is referred to as a _____.
Youth Bulge
101
What is the 'Demographic Dividend' for a country like India?
It is the potential for rapid economic growth driven by a large working-age population and a low dependency ratio.
102
In contrast to India's 'Youth Bulge', the UK is described as having an _____ population.
Aging
103
Define 'Renewable' energy sources.
Energy sources that are naturally replenished, such as wind, solar, and hydro.
104
Define 'Non-Renewable' energy sources.
Energy sources that are finite and will run out, such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
105
Under what condition is biomass considered a 'recyclable' energy source?
It is considered recyclable if the trees or plants used for fuel are replanted.
106
By what proportion did coal's contribution to the UK energy mix fall between 1970 and the present day?
It fell from 75% of the mix in 1970 to less than 2% now.
107
The UK is a world leader in which specific type of renewable energy, exemplified by Hornsea One?
Offshore Wind power.
108
What is meant by the UK having an 'Energy Deficit'?
The UK consumes more energy than it produces domestically, requiring imports.
109
The UK's reliance on importing 35-40% of its energy makes it vulnerable to global price spikes, a situation known as _____.
Energy Insecurity
110
What is fracking?
A controversial method of extracting shale gas by pumping high-pressure water and chemicals into rock.
111
What is a major economic advantage of using fracking in the UK?
It could create jobs and increase the UK's energy security.
112
What are two significant environmental concerns associated with fracking?
The risk of causing minor earthquakes and polluting groundwater.
113
What type of power does a nuclear plant like Hinkley Point C provide, which is a key advantage over intermittent renewables?
It provides 'Base Load' power, meaning it is always on.
114
The issue of the UK's old power stations closing and North Sea gas running out creates a problem known as the '_____'.
Energy Gap
115
Why do HICs typically consume more energy per person than LICs/NEEs?
Because people in HICs have 'High Energy Intensity' lifestyles (e.g., high car ownership, many domestic appliances).
116
What is meant by a country's 'Resource Endowment' in the context of energy?
The natural energy resources a country possesses due to its physical geography.
117
Iceland's ability to use geothermal energy is a direct result of what feature of its resource endowment?
Its location on a volcanically active plate boundary.
118
What two geographical factors give Norway a significant resource endowment for hydroelectric power (HEP)?
Its mountainous terrain and high levels of rainfall.
119
According to the Core-Frame Model, what is the 'heart' of the city with the highest land values called?
The Inner Core.
120
What are two land use examples typically found in the Inner Core of a city?
High-end department stores (e.g., Selfridges), flagship shops, luxury hotels, or headquarters of major banks.
121
In the Core-Frame Model, the area immediately surrounding the Inner Core with slightly lower land values is known as the _____.
Outer Frame.
122
What type of businesses, requiring more space, are often found in the Outer Frame of a city?
Wholesalers, specialist shops (e.g., furniture stores), transport hubs, or small-scale industry.
123
In Birmingham, what specific area is a good example of the Outer Frame, traditionally known for its industry?
The Jewellery Quarter or Digbeth.
124
What is the term for the area where the CBD is expanding, converting old residential areas into high-end buildings?
The Zone of Assimilation.
125
What redevelopment in Birmingham is an example of the Zone of Assimilation?
The Paradise Circus redevelopment.
126
What is the term for an older, retreating part of the CBD that is becoming run-down with 'To Let' signs and derelict buildings?
The Zone of Discard.
127
In Birmingham's urban structure, what specific retail developments exemplify the Inner Core?
The Bullring and Grand Central.
128
What model, also known as the Burgess model, breaks down the city centre into an Inner Core and an Outer Frame?
The Core-Frame Model.
129
What are two key characteristics of a city's Inner Core?
High-rise buildings, pedestrianized streets, high-density development, or being the most accessible point.
130
Why do businesses in the Outer Frame, like car showrooms, locate there instead of the Inner Core?
Land values are slightly lower and they require more space than is available in the Inner Core.
131
What is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities called?
Urbanisation.
132
What term describes the outward spread of a built-up area, as people move to the edges for more space?
Suburbanisation.
133
The movement of people from large urban areas to smaller villages or the countryside is known as _____.
Counter-urbanisation.
134
What is the term for the movement of people back into the city centre, often after regeneration?
Re-urbanisation (or Gentrification).
135
What does the term 'deindustrialisation' mean?
The decline of a country's traditional manufacturing base (factories/heavy industry).
136
What sector consists of unofficial jobs where people do not pay tax and have no legal protection?
The Informal Sector.
137
What type of economy is based on specialized knowledge, IT, and finance rather than making physical products?
The Knowledge Economy.
138
What does GNI per Capita measure?
The total value of goods and services produced by a country, divided by the population (wealth).
139
What three components does the Human Development Index (HDI) include, making it a better measure than GNI?
Life Expectancy, Education (mean years of schooling), and Wealth (GNI).
140
Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is India currently in?
Stage 3.
141
What are the characteristics of Stage 3 of the DTM, where India is placed?
A falling birth rate and a low death rate, leading to slower population growth.
142
What stage of the DTM has a high birth rate and a falling death rate, causing rapid population growth?
Stage 2.
143
A country in Stage 5 of the DTM, like Japan or Germany, experiences what population trend?
The birth rate falls below the death rate, causing the population to decline.
144
What is meant by the term 'energy security'?
Having an uninterrupted, affordable, and reliable supply of energy.
145
What is an 'energy deficit'?
When a country consumes more energy than it produces and must import it.
146
What is the term for the specific combination of different energy sources used by a country?
Energy Mix.
147
What is a Transnational Corporation (TNC)?
A large company that operates in more than one country.
148
The economic model where a wealthy, developed 'Core' is contrasted with a poorer, remote 'Periphery' is known as what?
The Core and Periphery model.
149
How did India's economy 'leapfrog' the traditional development path of countries like the UK?
It moved directly from a primary (farming) based economy to a tertiary/quaternary (services/IT) based one, largely skipping the industrial stage.
150
What sector now contributes over 50% of India's GDP?
The Tertiary/Quaternary (Services/IT) sector.
151
India's large, young, tax-paying workforce, resulting from over 50% of its population being under 25, is known as the _____.
Youth Bulge (or Demographic Dividend).
152
In India, what is the literacy rate in the 'Core' region of Mumbai compared to the 'Periphery' state of Bihar?
Over 90% in Mumbai versus around 63% in Bihar.
153
What environmental problem affects 22 of the world's 30 most polluted cities?
Air pollution, with 22 of the 30 being in India.
154
What percentage of Mumbai's population is estimated to live in 'informal settlements' or slums?
Over 50%.
155
India is a member of which group of emerging economies?
The BRICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa).
156
How has India's role regarding international aid shifted?
It has changed from being a major receiver of foreign aid to being a donor to neighbouring countries.
157
What was India's approximate GNI per capita in 1990 versus its current value?
It increased from approximately $390 in 1990 to over $2,400 currently.
158
How has India's HDI Value changed since 1990?
It has improved from 0.43 (Low) in 1990 to 0.64 (Medium) currently.
159
What has been the change in India's average life expectancy since 1990?
It has risen from 58 years in 1990 to 70 years.
160
What was the key reason for the decline of Birmingham's city centre, leading to the 'Donut Effect'?
The rise of out-of-town shopping centres like Merry Hill, which drew shoppers and retailers to the city edge.
161
Name two 'pull factors' of out-of-town shopping centres like Merry Hill.
Easy motorway access, free parking, all-weather shopping, or large modern retail units.
162
What iconic building, covered in 15,000 aluminium discs, became a symbol of Birmingham's CBD regeneration?
The Selfridges building in the Bullring.
163
The Grand Central development in Birmingham was built on top of which major transport hub?
New Street Station.
164
How did Birmingham improve connectivity within its CBD as part of its regeneration?
By upgrading New Street Station and extending the Midland Metro tram line through shopping streets.
165
What strategy did Birmingham use to create a more pleasant 'destination' feel in its CBD, unlike a generic mall?
It pedestrianised large areas and added public art, water features, and open-air markets.
166
How did Birmingham diversify its city centre to ensure it stayed busy after shops closed?
It focused on the night-time economy and culture by building the Library of Birmingham and the ICC.
167
What is a major criticism of Birmingham's CBD-focused regeneration strategy?
That it has 'sucked the life' out of smaller local high streets or that inner-city areas haven't benefited.
168
Due to its location on a drained lake bed, Mexico City experiences what geological problem?
Subsidence, causing the city to sink by up to 20cm per year.
169
What top-down programme was implemented in Mexico City to combat its severe air pollution?
The ProAire program, which included measures like 'Hoy No Circula' (No Drive Days).
170
What is the name of the bottom-up waste management scheme in Mexico City where residents swap recycling for food vouchers?
The Mercado de Trueque (Barter Market).
171
In the 1970s, Birmingham's economy entered a _____ when its manufacturing base declined due to globalisation.
Spiral of Decline.
172
What is the name for the process of converting old factories, like those in Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter, into high-end apartments?
Gentrification.
173
What environmental challenge in Mexico City is caused by mountains trapping a 'lid' of warm air over the city?
Thermal inversions, which trap smog at street level.
174
The success of core regions like Mumbai, which attracts further investment and skilled workers, is an example of what effect?
The Positive Multiplier Effect.
175
What term describes the phenomenon of the smartest young people leaving poorer, peripheral regions like Bihar for core regions like Mumbai?
Brain Drain.
176
What is a potential negative aspect of TNC investment, where companies might relocate if wages become too high?
TNCs can be 'footloose' and move to countries with cheaper labour.
177
What is the 'Energy Gap' facing the UK?
The shortfall in energy supply as old coal and nuclear power stations are closed and North Sea gas runs out.
178
What is 'fracking'?
A method of extracting shale gas by pumping high-pressure water and chemicals into rock.
179
What is the main advantage of nuclear power, such as that from Hinkley Point C, over wind or solar power?
It provides 'Base Load' power, meaning it is always 'on' and not intermittent.
GCSE Edexcel Geography
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