group seven elements are known as
halogen which have 7 outer electrons
group 0 elements are known as
noble gases
group 1 known as
alkali metals (donate outer shell electrons)
what happeens to the reactivity as you go down group 1
more reactive because the outer shell electron gets furthr away from the nucleus meaning tha attraction is less and therefor the electron is more easily lost
what happens to the boiling point as you go down group 7
less reactive so the boiling point increases
reactivity of noble gases (group 0)
unreactive as there outer shell is already empty
how can you tell the charge of the ion
all outer shells must be 0 if loosing electrons and 8 if gaining electrons by for a posotive ion the charge will be how ever many electrons were lost for a negative electron its how many electrons were gained to make the full outer shell
rate of reaction practical
a beaker is placed on top of an x mark when adding hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate mkes the solution go cloudy making the x no longer invisiblee
measure the time taken at multiple differetn temperatures
what is a hydrocarbon
a compound that contains hydrogen and carbon only
what is crude oil
a mixture of hydrocarbons, and a mix of a liquid, solid and gas
how to extract elements from crude oil
fractional distilation
what are the two types of hydrocarbons
-alkanes
-alkenes
what are alkanes
single carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms
rule for hydrogen in an alkane diagram
always 2 hydrogens then twice the amount of carbons
for example if you had two carbon you would have 4 hydrogens plus the two makes 6
what is the general formula for alkanes
C(small n) H2(small n) + 2
fractional distillation practical
-heat the crude oil so they evaporate
-and rise up the fractionating column
-the higher up the column the cooler the temp
-as different length alkanes have different boiling points they condense back into liquids at different heights
-were they are then collected
fractional distillation shortest gases to longest
-LPG
-petrol
-kerosene
-diesel oil
-heavy fuel oil
-bitumen
difference between alkanes and alkenes
alkanes are saturated (full) hydrocarbons
alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons
gases from early earths atmosphere
-lots of nitrogen and carbon dioxide
what happens to the nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the early earths atmosphere
would have dissolved into the oceans making water vapour
after dissolving into the oceans what happens to the gases from early on earth
carbon dioxide would get trapped into rocks and fossil fuels
what effect did the carbon dioxide in early earth atmosphere being trapped in rocks and fossil fuels have
reduces the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
testing for hydrogen
holding a burning splint over a test tube to produce a squeaky pop
