1
Q
What is a motor/movement skil?
A
An action that requires voluntary body/limb movement to achieve the goal.
2
Q
What skills does the difficulty continuum involve?
A
Simple and complex skills.
3
Q
What is a simple skill?
A
A straightforward skill with few decisions to be made.
4
Q
2 simple skills:
A
Shooting a shot in football, starting gun in a race.
5
Q
What is a complex skill?
A
Harder skill, where lots of decisions must be made.
6
Q
2 complex skills:
A
Goalkeeper saving shot in football, playing pass in football.
7
Q
What skills does the environmental influence continuum involve?
A
Open and closed skills.
8
Q
What is an open skill?
A
A skill performed where the environment is constantly changing.
9
Q
2 open skills:
A
Making a pass in football, dribbling a basketball.
10
Q
What is a closed skill?
A
A skill performed where the environment doesn’t change.
11
Q
2 closed skills:
A
Taking a penalty kick, throwing a dart.
12
Q
What skills does the pacing continuum involve?
A
Self-paced skills and externally paced skills.
13
Q
What is a self-paced skill?
A
The performer controls the rate at which the skill is performed.
14
Q
2 self-paced skills:
A
Tennis serve, taking a penalty kick.
15
Q
What is an externally-paced skill?
A
The environment (opponent) controls the rate at which the skill is performed.
16
Q
2 externally-paced skills:
A
Starting gun in race, returning a serve in tennis.
17
Q
What skills does the muscular involvement continuum involve?
A
Gross skills and fine skills.
18
Q
What is a gross skill?
A
Involves large muscle movements. (Power over precision)
19
Q
2 gross skills?
A
Throwing a javelin, swimming in a race.
20
Q
What is a fine skill?
A
Involves small muscle movements. (Precision over power)
21
Q
2 fine skills?
A
Throwing a dart at a board, taking a shot in snooker.
22
Q
What skills does the organisation continuum involve?
A
High organisation and low organisation skills.
23
Q
What is a high organisation skill?
A
A skill that has subroutines that are difficult to separate/break down.
24
Q
2 high organisation skills:
A
Dribbling a basketball, shooting a football.
25
What is a low organisation skill?
A skill that is easily separated/broken down into subroutines.
26
2 low organisation skills?
Tennis serve, triple jump.
27
What skills does the continuity continuum involve?
Discrete skills, serial skills and continuous skills.
28
What is a discrete skill?
A skill which has a clear beginning and end point.
29
2 discrete skills:
Shot from a penalty, backflip.
30
What is a serial skill?
Several discrete skills put together to make up a sequence of movements.
31
2 serial skills:
Gymnastics routine, triple jump.
32
What is a continuous skill?
A skill which has no obvious beginning and end.
33
2 continuous skills:
Running, cycling.
34
What is part method/practice?
Where the skill is broken down and taught in sub-routines.
35
2 skills taught by part practice:
Tennis serve, triple jump
36
What type of skills is part practice useful for?
Complex skills, low organisation skills, dangerous skills.
37
Advantages of part practice?
. Can gain confidence by learning each part individually before progressing
. Requires less thought than whole practice
38
Disadvantages of part practice?
. Doesn't give learner true feel for skill
. Skill produced less fluent
. Difficult to gain a feel of true timing for skill
39
What is whole method/practice?
Where the skill is taught/practiced in its entirety.
40
2 skills taught by whole practice:
Shooting a football, golf swing
41
What type of skills is whole practice useful for?
High organisation skills, discrete skills.
42
Advantages of whole practice?
- Gives performer true feel for skill
- Learning takes place faster
- Skill produced more fluent
43
Disadvantages of whole practice?
- Can demotivate if they don't learn the skill in one quickly
- Lots more thought required
44
What is whole-part-whole practice?
Where the skill is taught/practiced in it's entirety then broken down into subroutines, and then again in entirety.
45
2 skills taught by whole-part-whole practice?
Basketball lay-up, triple jump
46
What type of skills is whole-part-whole practice useful for?
Serial skills and low organisation skills.
47
Advantages of whole-part-whole practice?
- Gives the athlete true feel for the skill before breaking it down
- Can isolate a specific weakness in a skill
- Movement produced more fluent
48
What is progressive-part practice?
Where you learn the individual sub-routines of a skill and chain them together one at a time.
49
3 skills taught by progressive-part practice?
Complex skills, low organisation skills, dangerous skills.
50
Advantage of progressive-part practice?
- Can gain confidence by learning each part individually before progressing.
51
Disadvantage of progressive-part practice?
- Can be time consuming
52
Example of massed practice?
Footballer practicing a shooting drill for 30 mins with no rest periods.
53
Advantages of massed practice?
- Learning takes place quicker
- Can master a skill quicker
54
Disadvantages of massed practice?
- More likely to fatigue
- Can lead to injury
55
Example of distributed practice?
Netballer shooting for 15 mins, then resting, then shooting again.
56
Example of fixed practice?
Tennis player repeatedly practicing an overhand serve, aiming for the edge of the box.
57
Advantages of fixed practice?
- Allows for the mastery of a skill
- Good for beginners
- Allows you to fix weaknesses
- Useful for closed skills
58
Disadvantages of fixed practice?
- Can be boring
- Tiring
59
Example of varied practice?
Passing a football with one person to making passes with a team.
60
Advantages of varied practice?
- Allows you to adapt to game scenarios (more realistic)
- Less boring
61
Disadvantages of varied practice?
- Can be difficult or confusing for beginners
- Not useful for closed skills
62
What is massed practice?
Practicing using very short or no rest periods at all.
63
What is distributed practice?
Practicing using lots of/longer rest intervals.
64
What is fixed practice?
Where practice conditions remain unchanged, stable and predictable.
65
What is varied practice?
Where practice conditions change and are unstable due to differing stimuli.
66
What is positive transfer?
Where the learning and performance of one skill helps the learning and performance of another skill.
67
What is negative transfer?
Where the learning and performance of one skill hinders the learning and performance of another skill.
68
Example of positive transfer:
The learning and performance of kicking a rugby ball can help the learning and performance of a long pass in football.
69
Example of negative transfer:
The learning and performance of hitting a golf ball can hinder the learning and performance of hitting a hockey ball.
70
What is proactive transfer?
Where the learning of one skill influences the learning of a skill yet to be learned.
71
Example of proactive transfer:
The learning of an overarm throw in cricket influences the learning of an overarm serve in tennis, which is a new skill.
72
What is retroactive transfer?
Where the learning of one skill influences the learning of a skill that has previously been learned.
73
Example of retroactive transfer:
The learning of a new swimming stroke can influence a stroke that has previously been learned.
74
What is bilateral transfer?
Where the learning and performance of one skill is transferred from one limb to another.
75
Example of bilateral transfer:
Learning how to shoot on one foot then transferring it to your other foot.
76
What are the 3 stages of learning?
Cognitive stage --> Associative stage --> Autonomous stage
Beginner, Intermediate, Expert
77
Characteristics of Cognitive stage of learning (AO1):
- Lots of trial and error
- Demonstrations needed to form mental image
- Lots of conscious thought required
- Positive feedback needed
- Success reinforced by positive reinforcement
78
Characteristics of Associative stage of learning (AO1):
- Less mistakes
- Refer back to mental image
- Less conscious thought
- Develop feel for how skill is performed
- Motor programmes formed.
79
Characteristics of Autonomous stage of learning (AO1):
- Little mistakes
- Ignore distractions
- Little conscious thought
- Skill is fluent
- Motor programmes are developed
80
What makes a good demonstration?
- Using a high status performer/role model
- Using someone of similar age/gender
- Perform the demo in a warm, safe environment
- Demo must be accurate/clear
- Repeat the demo
- Point out cue's to focus on
- Reinforce/praise the demo
81
What does operant conditioning involve?
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
- Punishment
- Trial and error
- Learning through association
82
What is positive reinforcement?
Praise/reward given after the desired outcome occurs to strengthen S-R bonds.
83
Example of positive reinforcement:
Coach praises footballer after scoring a goal.
84
What is negative reinforcement?
Removal of an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen S-R bonds.
85
Example of negative reinforcement:
The coach no longer criticizes the netball player after a successful interception.
86
Example of trial and error:
Tennis player attempting different serves until they find one that works.
87
What is learning through association?
Associating a response to a specific stimulus.
88
Example of learning through association:
A tennis player associates a lower bounce to grass courts, so swings lower.
89
What are Thorndike's 3 laws?
Law of exercise, law of effect, law of readiness.
90
What is Thorndike's law of exercice?
The more we repeat the stimulus and response, the more likely we are to strengthen the S-R bond.
91
What is Thorndike's law of effect?
If the response is followed by a 'satisfier', the S-R bond will strengthen. If it is followed by an 'annoyer' the S-R bond is weakened.
92
What is Thorndike's law of readiness?
The performer must be physically and mentally prepared to perform the task.
93
What are the characteristics of cognitive learning theory?
- Insight learning (Using problem solving and past experiences to learn skills)
- Problem solving
- Whole practice (Learn by playing the game as a whole, more realistic)
- Recognize that we learn taking into account the environment
94
What are the characteristics of social/observational learning theory?
- Refers to learning through watching and copying significant others
95
Example of learning through watching and copying significant others:
A young footballer sees his favourite player try a skill on TV, then goes outside and tries it.
96
What does Bandura's ARMM stand for?
Attention, Retention, Motivation, Motor reproduction.
97
What is attention?
Performer must pay attention to the key cue's of the demo.
98
What is retention?
Performer must retain mental image of the demo in long-term memory.
99
What is motivation?
Performer must be motivated to want to learn the skill.
100
What is Motor reproduction?
Performer must be physically and mentally able to perform the skill.
101
What is a subroutine?
A smaller, individual action which is a part of a motor skill or movement pattern.
102
What are the factors affecting guidance?
- The personality of the performer
- The skill / ability of the performer
- The situation in which learning is taking place
- Danger
- Complexity of the skill
- Age
103
What is verbal guidance?
Describe the action and how to perform the activity.
104
What are features of verbal guidance?
- More useful for advanced performers
- Effective for tactics
- Can't explain difficult movements without a demonstration
105
Example of verbal guidance?
A rugby coach explaining how to complete a rugby tackle to a group of students.
106
Advantages of verbal guidance?
- Can be in the form of feedback, which promotes reinforcement of correct skills
- Can be used to hold the attention of the learners
107
Disadvantages of verbal guidance?
- Can lead to 'information overload' with the performer being confused
- If the guidance is wrong, the skill will also be learned incorrectly
108
What is visual guidance?
Showing the performer how to perform the skill through demos, videos.
109
What are features of visual guidance?
- Cognitive stage - helps create mental picture
- Demonstrations must be accurate
- Demonstrations must be repeated but not too time consuming
- Learner positions must be considered - can they see the demonstration
110
Example of visual guidance?
A basketball coach demonstrating how to shoot to a group of learners, highlighting the key cues.
111
Advantages of visual guidance?
- Performers can create a mental picture after watching a demonstration
- The skill can be broken down during a demonstration
- Encourages observational learning by using cues
112
Disadvantages of visual guidance?
- The demonstration could be incorrect
- The coach may not be able to show an accurate demonstration
- The visual representation may be unclear or too quick for the learner to follow
113
What is manual guidance?
The coach physically moves the performer through the movement.
114
What is mechanical guidance?
The use of a device/aid to help the performer complete the movement.
115
Features of manual & mechanical guidance to make sure of?
- Physical support by a person or mechanical device reduces fear in dangerous situations
- Not too unrealistic - intrinsic feedback could be incorrect and create bad habits
- Learner participates as much as possible to avoid negative motivation
116
Example of manual guidance?
A tennis coach grabs the hand of the performer and guides them through the stroke.
117
Example of mechanical guidance?
A gymnast using a harness to practice somersaults to reduce the danger.
118
Advantages of manual & mechanical guidance?
- Gives the learner a greater sense of safety
- Can be used to isolate an important aspect of the skill to practice as a subroutine (just practicing legs in swimming)
119
Disadvantages of manual & mechanical guidance?
- Can be over-restrictive and the learner can feel out of control of the movement
- The performer does not get a true sense of the skill - false sense of kinaesthetic feeling
- Can become over-reliant on the guidance
120
What is feedback?
Involves using information during or after the performance of a skill to alter how it was performed.
121
What is intrinsic feedback?
Information available to the performer that arises internal / from sensory information.
122
Example of intrinsic feedback?
The rugby player recognises that they are tackling too high and respond by going lower in the next tackle.
123
Advantages of intrinsic feedback?
- Feedback occurs instantly / in game
- Performer doesn't have to rely on others
- Leads to improved performance
124
Disadvantages of intrinsic feedback?
- Cognitive learners may not know how the skill should feel, so cannot be used accurately
- If inaccurate, learning will be hindered
125
What is extrinsic feedback?
Information available to the performer that arises externally / from an outside source (coach).
126
Example of extrinsic feedback?
The coach tells the rugby player that they are tackling too high.
127
Advantages of extrinsic feedback?
- Coach can give advice to improve performance
- Accurate as it comes from a qualified coach
- Can be immediate / in game
128
Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback?
- If inaccurate, negative transfer can occur
- Performer can become reliant upon others
- Not encouraged to learn for yourself
129
What is positive feedback?
Information given about a successful outcome that rewards / praises the performer - strengthens S-R bonds.
130
Example of positive feedback?
The coach praises the netballer for a successful pass that set up a goal.
131
Advantages of positive feedback?
- Strengthens S-R bonds (through reinforcement)
- Can be motivating for novices
- Can build self-esteem and confidence
132
Disadvantages of positive feedback?
- If undeserved, incorrect S-R bond developed
- Can become meaningless if overused
- Detrimental to learning if feedback is inaccurate
133
What is negative feedback?
Information given about an unsuccessful income, often in the form of criticism - weakens S-R bonds.
134
Example of negative feedback?
The coach shouts at and criticises the netballer for misplacing a pass which was intercepted.
135
Advantages of negative feedback?
- Can motivate autonomous performers
- Performer will be clear about what to improve
- Improve performance (wakens bad S-R bonds)
136
Disadvantages of negative feedback?
- Can be demotivating to cognitive performers
- Demotivates experts if overused
- Detrimental to learning if feedback is inaccurate
137
What is knowledge of performance?
Information given about the technique of a movement pattern / skill (can be intrinsic and extrinsic).
138
Example of knowledge of performance?
The expert footballer knows the shot will go wide because it didn't feel right striking the ball.
139
Advantages of knowledge of performance?
- Easier for experts who have kinesthesis
- Helps to understand how to refine technique
- Can be given live to make fast adjustments
140
Disadvantages of knowledge of performance?
- Doesn't inform them of the end result
- If inaccurate, learning will be hindered
- Difficult for beginners who don't have kinesthesis
141
What is knowledge of results?
Information given about the end result of a movement pattern / skill.
142
Example of knowledge of results?
- The netballer watches her pass reach a teammate
- The archer watches his arrow miss the target
143
Advantages of knowledge of results?
- Informs the performer of the skill's success
- Immediate so you can adapt mid game
- Can be tracked to identify weaknesses
144
Disadvantages of knowledge of results?
- If inaccurate, learning will be hindered
- A good result may have occurred with a poor performance (miss-hit shot led to a goal)
A-level PE
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
-
GCSE - Anatomy and Physiology115
-
Paper 1 - Musculo-skeletal system and analysis of movement89
-
Paper 1 - Cardiovascular system114
-
Paper 1 - Respiratory system47
-
Paper 1 - Environmental effects on body systems34
-
Paper 2 - Skill Classification144
-
Paper 2 - Sports Psychology19
-
Paper 2 - Sports Psychology43
-
Paper 3 - Political Olympics, Pre-Industrial Britain and post-1850 industrial Britain57
-
Paper 3 - Contemporary issues in physical activity and sport12
