PARATHYROID DISORDERS

Question 1

What is the function of PTH in bones?

Answer 1

Increases osteoclast activity to promote bone resorption, increasing blood calcium and phosphate

Question 2

What are 3 functions of PTH in the kidneys?

Answer 2

1. Increases reabsorption of calcium and magnesium from urine
2. Increases excretion of phosphate
3. Increases formation of calcitriol

Question 3

What is the function of calcitriol?

Answer 3

Enhances absoprtion of calcium and magnesium in the GI tract

Question 4

What are 3 causes of primary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 4

1. Parathyroid adenoma
2. Primary parathyroid hyperplasia
3. Parathyroid carcinoma

Question 5

How are parathyroid adenoma and primary parathyroid hyperplasia different?

Answer 5

Parathyroid adenoma is a benign tumour of one gland that secretes excess PTH

Primary parathyroid hyperplasia is different because growth is present in all 4 glands

Question 6

What is the overall pattern behind the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 6

Associated with bone resorption and hypercalcemia

Question 7

What are 2 reasons hyperparathyroidism causes decreased neuromuscular function?

Answer 7

1. Calcium makes cells membranes rigid, inhibiting ion pumps/channels
2. Calcium blocks sodium channels

Question 8

What are 2 cardiovascular symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 8

1. Vascular & valvular calcification
2. Arrythmia, heart block, cardiac arrest

Question 9

What is the term for calcium deposition in kidney tubules and collecting ducts?

Answer 9

Nephrocalcinosis

Question 10

What are 3 urinary symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 10

1. Excess calcium in urine
2. Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
3. Polyuria, polydipsia

Question 11

What is the term for the formation of lesions/cysts on bones as a result of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 11

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

Question 12

What is the term for a condition of calcium pyrophosphate crystal accumulation in joints?

Answer 12

Chondrocalcinosis

Question 13

What is the cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 13

Chronic hypocalcemia

Question 14

What are 4 potential causes for secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 14

1. CKD
2. Vit D deficiency
3. Malabsorption syndromes
4. Pregnancy, lactation

Question 15

What are 4 possible causes for hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 15

1. Surgical removal of parathyroid
2. Autoimmune destruction of parathyroid
3. Genetic mutations
4. Radiotherapy complications

Question 16

What is the overall pattern behind the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 16

Associated with hypocalcemia

Question 17

What are 4 neuromuscular symptoms associated with hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 17

1. Paresthesias
2. Muscle cramps
3. Tetany
4. Convulsions

Question 18

What is a cardiovascular symptom of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 18

Cardiac conduction abnormalities: prolonged QT intervals

Question 19

What is another name for vitamin D (given along with oral calcium supplements)?

Answer 19

Calcitriol