Parenting Styles: Diana Baumrind
- Two aspects of parents’ behavior are critical
- -Responsiveness: extent to which parents meet and respond to children’s needs
- -Demandingness – extent to which parents control children’s behavior
Authoritarian
- Adult-centered, autocratic, rigid
- Strict rules and expectations
- Unilateral decision making
- Little warmth or communication
- Expects obedience, distrusting
- Punitive punishment
- Discourages communication
Authoritative
-Child-centered, democratic
-Firm behavioral guidelines, but provides choice within limits
-Warm, accepting, involved, trusting, monitoring
-Supports assertiveness, autonomy,
responsiveness, self-regulation
Neglectful
- Added by Maccoby & Martin (1983)
- Adult-centered, passive, dismissing
- Pose few demands
- Little/no communication, supervision
- Detached, distant, absent, indifferent
Permissive
- Child-centered, appeasing
- Few rules or expectations
- Avoid confrontation & discipline
- Warm, accepting, nurturing
- Overinvolved, blurred roles
How are authoritarian and authoritative parents similar and different?
Both are high in demandingness, but authoritarian are low in responsiveness and authoritative is high in responsiveness
True or false. Parenting styles can change over time.
True
Outcomes of Authoritative Parent
- Children securely attached to them
- Children are competent (academically and socially), popular with peers, in control of their own behavior, display little antisocial behavior
Outcomes of Authoritarian Parent
- Children insecurely attached to them
- Children are not competent, unhappy, low self-confidence levels, display high levels of antisocial behavior
Outcomes of Permissive Parent
- Children insecurely attached to them
- Children are impulsive, lack self-control, perform poor academically and display high rates of antisocial behavior
Outcomes of Neglectful Parent
- Children insecurely attached to them
- Children display high rates of antisocial behavior, have poor self-image, internalize problems, and have poor academic and social skills
Impact of Marriage & Divorce
- Most children have NO enduring problems, but…
- May show increased depression, lower self-esteem, more delinquency, less socially responsible and competent, drop in academic performance
- Most stress comes from determining custody and adapting
- As adults, children from divorced and remarried families greater risk for divorce, poorer quality relationships
Why do some kids of divorce fare better
- Parental Conflict (Conflict prior to, during, after divorce - distressing to child)
- Stress (Newly divorced more irritable, less emotional availability/consistency)
- Age of the Child (Younger Hard to understand causes/consequences; anxious about abandonment, blame self; adolescents -> less supervision and issues with autonomy)
- Contact with Noncustodial parent (Quality matters most)
- Contribution of Long-Standing Characteristics (issues before divorce)
