Part 3

Question 1

What are two new APFS volume roles with macOS Catalina?

Answer 1

• APFS System—A read-only volume for the operating system

* APFS Data—A read-write volume for user data

Question 2

What is the default partition scheme that Mac computers use?

Answer 2

GUID Partition Map (GPT) is the default partition scheme that Mac computers use.

Question 3

How does FileVault protect user data?

Answer 3

FileVault encrypts the startup volume to protect user data.

Question 4

What are the two ways you can save the FileVault recovery key when you enable FileVault in Security & Privacy preferences?

Answer 4

• Use your Apple ID to unlock the FileVault volume and reset your password. This action generates a random FileVault recovery key and saves it to your iCloud account on Apple servers.
• Record the key that FileVault randomly generates. You must keep the key letters and numbers somewhere safe and not on your encrypted startup disk.

Question 5

Which ownership tiers are used with POSIX-style permissions to separately define specific privilege rules for each file and folder?

Answer 5

• Owner—By default, an item owner is the user who created the item or copied it to the Mac.
• Group—By default, the group permissions for an item are inherited from the folder it was created in.
• Everyone—Use the everyone permission settings to define access for anyone who isn’t the owner and isn’t part of the item’s group.

Question 6

How do access control lists (ACLs) differ from standard UNIX file system permissions?

Answer 6

ACLs expand the standard UNIX permissions architecture to allow more file and folder access control.

Question 7

What are the four primary file-system shortcut types that macOS uses and how are they used?

Answer 7

• Aliases are more resilient than other shortcuts. When the original item is replaced or moved, the alias almost never loses the original item
.• Symbolic links are pointers to the file-system path of the original item.
• Hard links reference the original item and point to the bits on the physical storage device.
• Firm links are new to macOS Catalina. Firm links allow navigation between folders that straddle the read-only APFS System volume and the read-write APFS Data volume.

Question 8

What are ten common system resources? What purpose does each resource serve?

Answer 8

• Containers and Group Containers—These folders contain resources for sandboxed apps.
• Extensions—Attach themselves to the system kernel to provide hardware and peripheral driver support. macOS Catalina is the last version that will support third-party kernel extensions.
• Frameworks—Shared code libraries that provide additional software resources for apps and system processes.• Keychains—Help securely store sensitive information, including passwords, certificates, keys, Safari AutoFill information, and notes.
• LaunchDaemons and LaunchAgents—Processes that launchd starts. LaunchAgents start up only when a user is logged in, whereas LaunchDaemons start processes that always run in the background.