Particle Theory

Question 1

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 1

Non-metal bonding by sharing electrons to gain stability

Question 2

What are the diatomic molecules

Answer 2

HNOFdown

Question 3

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 3

The electrostatic attraction between the positive nuclei and the negative shared pair of electrons

Question 4

What is simple molecular structure?

Answer 4

A regular arrangement of molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces

Question 5

What are the properties of simple molecular structure?

Answer 5

1. low melting/boiling point (weak intermolecular forces)

2. Don’t conduct electricity

Question 6

What is giant covalent structure?

Answer 6

Adopted by the non-metals in group 4

Regular arrangement of ATOMS held together by strong covalent bonds

Question 7

What are the properties of diamond?

Answer 7

1. V. high melting/boiling points
2. Electrical insulator
3. Extremely hard
4. Insoluble
5. v. unreactive

Question 8

What are the properties of graphite?

Answer 8

1. High melting/boiling point
2. Electrical conductor
3. Slippery

Question 9

What is an ion?

Answer 9

A charged atom or group of atoms

Question 10

What is the ionic bond?

Answer 10

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 11

What is giant ionic structure?

Answer 11

A regular lattice of alternating positive and negative ions

Question 12

What are the properties of giant ionic structure?

Answer 12

1. High melting/boiling points (strong ionic bonds)
2. Often but not always soluble
3. Don’t conduct electricity when solid but do in solution or as a liquid

Question 13

What is a giant metallic structure?

Answer 13

A lattice of positively charged ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons

Question 14

What is the metallic bond?

Answer 14

The force of attraction between the delocalised outer electrons and the positive ions

Question 15

What are the general properties of metallic structures?

Answer 15

1. Malleable - layers slide over each other
2. Ductile
3. High melting/boiling points - strong metallic bonds.
4. Good conductors - free electrons

Question 16

What is an isotope?

Answer 16

Atoms of the same atomic numbers but different mass numbers

Question 17

How do you find the RAM including isotopes?

Answer 17

1. Multiply the mass by its real active abundance
2. Add them together
3. Divide by the sum of the relative abundances

Question 18

How do you find the relative formula mass?

Answer 18

Add the atomic masses of each element in a molecule

Question 19

How do you find the empirical formula?

Answer 19

1. Divide each percentage by molar mass
2. Divide the results by the smallest answer
3. This should turn into a ratio

Question 20

How do you get the molecular formula of a molecule?

Answer 20

1. Divide the relative molecular mass by the mass of the empirical formula
2. Multiply the empirical formula by the answer

Question 21

How do you calculate the masses in reactions?

Answer 21

1. Find the relative formula masses of the two molecules you want
2. Divide by the smallest one
3. Multiply by the given amount

Question 22

How do you find the hydrated formula of a salt?

Answer 22

1. Work out the mass of each
2. Calculate the no. moles of water and salt you have
3. Work out the ratio

Question 23

How do you find the percentage yield?

Answer 23

Actual yield/theoretical yield x 100