1
Q
Function of Residual bodies
A
the intracellular accumulation of residual bodies is related to the cell’s capacity to cope with potentially threatening bacteria or to deal with damaged organelles
2
Q
Residual bodies are recovered cells and are able to function normally
A
TRUE
3
Q
How do residuals bodies come into existence?
A
When the tissue is destroyed the cell’s attempt to survive relies on a lysosome to engulf the damaged portion and break it down as much as possible, these lysosomes spit up fragments that can not be ingested and remain as separate isolated bodies in the cell known as residual bodies
4
Q
Residual bodies are left inside the cell
A
TRUE
5
Q
Are residual bodies digestible at some point?
A
They are indefinitely undigestible
6
Q
3 areas where injury to tissue often occur
A
nervous tissue, kidney, liver
7
Q
AKA for hyaline changes
A
Hyalinization
8
Q
Characteristics of hyaline changes
A
Pink, glass - like - protein substance that can be found under microscope within the cells or outside the cells
9
Q
Hyalinization is a result of ______ accumulation
A
PROTEIN
10
Q
Explain characteristics of Intracellular Accumulation
A
Deposition of protein that is reversible, not dangerous, does not change
11
Q
What are some types of intracellular accumulation?
A
Reabsorption droplets necrotic syndrome mallory alcoholics hyaline (mallory bodies) russel bodies Butcher Bodies lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma -aka hyper viscosity syndomre -aka waldenstrom macroglbulinemia Multiple Myeloma
12
Q
Explain Reabsorption droplets
- where does this occur?
- What is occurring?
- What does it cause/what is a finding in a patient with reabsorption droplets?
A
- Occurs in the Renal Proximal Tubule Cells
- Abnormal protein lost in the urine that the tubules try and reabsorb the protein - could happen from increased mobility of glomerulite proteins
- causes proteinuria
13
Q
AKA for Reabsorption droplets
A
Minimal change disease
Nil Lesions
Nil disease
Lipid Nephrosis
14
Q
Is the disease reversible?
A
Yes, because…
- It is an intracellular accumulation - they are all reversible
- Once urine has less protein in it the droplets will return into the urine and be deposited out
15
Q
Define necrotic syndrome
A
When there is a dramatic loss of protein to the kidney
16
Q
AKA for Mallory Alcoholics Hyaline
A
Mallory bodies
17
Q
Explain Mallory Alcoholics Hyaline
- Where is it found
- Why has it occurred
- What is the result
- Is it reversible?
A
- Found in the liver
- Consumption of alcohol
- Protein accumulates in the hepatocytes
- Destroys the cell
- It is reversible if you stop drinking
18
Q
Function of Russell Bodies
A
Produce Antibodies
19
Q
Where are Russell Bodies found?
A
They are found in plasma cells
(tumors) - protein deposition into the cytoplasm
20
Q
What pathology are Russell Bodies most commonly seen in?
A
Multiple Myeloma *the most common bone malignant tumor in adults
21
Q
How are Dutcher bodies different from Russel bodies?
A
Butcher bodies go into the the nucleus of the cell
22
Q
Plasma cells are produced by ______________
A
B-lymphoctyes
23
Q
B-cell neoplasms
A
Tumors that are made of plasma cells
24
Q
Tumor cells are made up of ____ type of plasma cells and only ____ type of AB
A
One, One
25
Monoclonal Gammopathies
Tumor - M type protein tumor in the plasma cell that has little clinical significance
26
Multiple myeloma is produced by what immunoglobin
IgG (60%)
| Light chain hemoglobin (20%)
27
AKA for multiple myeloma
| -explain it
- Plasma cell myeloma
- uncontrolled proliferation and disorder of function of plasma cells in bone marrow
* Most common bone malignancy
28
Bence Jones Proteins
- What are they?
- What does there presence mean?
- Light chains of hemoglobin G
| - Absolute diagnosis of multiple myeloma - does result in hyper viscosity syndrome
29
Most common bone malignant tumor in adults
multiple myeloma
30
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
| -Characteristics
tumor where plasma cells produce immunoglobin IgM
| -Increased blood viscosity leading to hyper viscosity syndrome
31
IgM consists of how many IgGs ?
5 IgG
32
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma aka(s)
- waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
| - hyper viscosity syndrome
33
Life span for those suffering from Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
5 years - no cure
34
What are examples of extracellular accumulation?
Lacunar Infarction
Hyaline arterioloscerosis
Amyloid
35
Explain Lacunar Infarction
- type of stroke that results from occlusion of one of the penetrating arteries that provides blood to the brain's deep structures.
- Loss of sophisticated motor function because no blood flow to nervous tissue (brain) - leads to area of necrosis of neuron death
- deposition of hyaline into the space between the cells in arterioles (smallest arteries)
- area of stroke
36
Explain waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Cancer of B lymphocytes
37
Explain Plasma Cell dyscrasias
Disorder of the plasma cells - A group of B - cell neoplasms - produced as the result of abnormal proliferation of group of monoclonal population of plasma cells that may or may not secrete detectable levels monoclonal immunoglobin - or immunoglobin fragment
38
What protein is found in multiple myeloma?
M Protein aka paraprotein
39
Where are butcher bodies found?
Nucleus of the cell
40
Monoclonal tumor are...
cancer of B-lymphoctyes
41
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia AKA hyper viscosity syndrome
AKA lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma
...results in the overproduction of what immunoglobulin/Antibodies?
IgM antibodies
42
What immunoglobulin increases the viscosity of blood?
An increase of IgM will increase the viscosity of blood
43
Russel Bodies and butcher bodies are commonly seen in what type of cancer?
```
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
AKA
Hyper viscosity Syndrome
AKA
Lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma
```
44
Inter-cellular deposition between or among cells causes what to occur? is it reversible?
Dangerous, obstruction of lumen of small vessels, irreversible
45
Examples of Inter-cellular deposition?
Ischemia infarction
hyaline arteriolosclerosis
Amyloid
46
Ischemia Infarction
- What is it?
- AKA
- Tissue necrosis
| - lacunar infarction
47
Lacunar infarction can lead to
Loss of sophisticated motor function
48
What occurs during lacunar infarction/ischemia infarction
deposition of hyaline into the space between the cells into the arterials - leads to the constriction of blood vessels - no blood flow to the nervous tissue - leads to death of the neurons = necrosis of the tissue - type of stroke
49
Hyaline arteriosclerosis build up can lead to
Lacunar infarction
50
Lacunar Infarction, as well as hypertension, leads to an increased brittleness of vessels which contributes to what type of stroke?
Intracerebral hemorrhage storke (rupture)
51
Explain Hyaline arterioloscerosis
arterial walls become hard and brittle - these are usually very strong and could keep blood with in - but because of the stiffening and hardening they become brittle and rupture
52
Amyloid is irreversible
TRUE
53
Explain Amyloid
is the generic term for a variety of proteinaceous materials that are abnormally deposited in tissue interstitum in a spectrum of clinical disorders
54
Explain Amyloidosis
- Life expectancy
- caused by..
- localized or systemic?
- Etiology
- Common location
- Life expectancy - death within 2 years of diagnosis
- Caused by alternative cells of the body that effect different organs
- Can be BOTH localized and systemic
- Etiology: primarily it is idiopathic secondary it is a result of another disorder (such as: TB, chronic bacterial infections, any immune disease - RA, spondilities - autoimmune diseases)
- Common location: kidney, brain, liver and heart muscle
55
Amyloidosis, if present in the kidney can lead to...
Kidney failure
56
Reversible type changes are known as adaptive responses
| List examples of adaptive responses...
TRUE
- Alternative Pathway
- Altered size
57
When would a cell use alternative metabolism?
when use of normal metabolism is impossible due to damage
58
How much ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation? Oxidative phosphorylation can not occur when? What alternative pathway would it take?
2 ATP
- When there is an absence of O2
- Alternative examples include: glycolysis, fatty tissues, protein from the muscles
59
Examples of alternative size adaptions?
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Osteoporosis
60
Define hypertrophy
Cell/organ enlargement in response to increased demands
61
Hypertension can lead to heart hypertrophy
TRUE - increased resistance, increased pressure - heart now has to work HARDER so it enlarges and increases the walls with thickness
62
Define Atrophy
Shrinks due to decreased demands
63
What is diffuse atrophy? What is a clinical example of this?
Diffuse atrophy is when you don't use it - you loose it
| An example of this is osteoporosis
64
Cause of osteoporosis
May result from disease but also commonly due to hormonal change - quite frequently seen in women after they have gone through metapause
65
Explain osteoporosis
- what is it?
- how much skeletal mass is lost?
- who commonly develops osteoporosis? who isn't? any other exceptions?
- Loss of skeletal load, inner portion of the bone is gone
- .7% of bone mass is lost
- White women with blonde hair are commonly diagnosed
Dark skinned people are not commonly diagnosed with osteoporosis
obese people will not develop it
(because fat accumulates estrogen and can continue to release it post metapause)
66
Common places you will see osteoporosis? Common result of osteoporosis in this area?
- Vertebra (compression fracture)
- Ribs (fragmentscan penetrate -pleura into lungs)
- Neck of femur (could lead to fracture)
- Wrist (FOOSH)
67
The most bone mass is gained during one's life time when?
1st 30 years of life
68
What ways can we improve bone ?
Vitamin D2
Ca+
Exercise with weight resistance
69
What are the two components of bone?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
70
Decrease in sex hormones can lead to a decrease in what component of bone?
decrease in osteoclasts
71
An adaptive response includes alternative sizes - which could include the effects of inadequate neurological or hormonal stimulation
TRUE
72
Disease that is a result of a lack of neurological misbalance?
Poliomyelitis
73
Explain Polio myelitis
- What part of the spinal cord does it affect?
- What does it effect?
- How is it prevented?
- Disease that results in atrophy of the nervous system which results in dramatic destruction of the muscles
- Affects the ANTERIOR portion of the spinal cord
- Impairs the trophic and motor function of the CNS
- Vaccine is the only preventative measure
74
Pituitary gland produces and secretes what hormone?
| With out this hormone what would occur?
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
| - inadequate stimulus of the thyroid result sin atrophy
75
Example of a disease that results from the inadequate stimulus of the thyroid?
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
76
When was Hashimoto Thyroiditis discovered? Explain it and list its clinical characteristics - Etiology?
-1912
-Type of Autoimmune disease (first to be discovered)
Because, antibodies bind and block THS receptors on the thyroid - this forms an antigen and antibody complex - results function of the thyroid to go down
-Idiopathic - could be iodine deficiency
-Leads to atrophy of the thyroid gland because of inadequate stimulation
-Inflammatory of the thyroid gland
- fatigue, constipation, weight gain, dry skin
77
AKA for Hashimoto Thyroiditis
HYPOthyroidism
78
Grave's Disease aka
HYPERthyrodism
79
Grave's disease is what type of disease? and what is its etiology?
Autoimmune and idiopathic
80
Female to male ratio for Grave's disease
2: 1
| * Very young women
81
What occurs in Grave's disease?
Antibodies bind to TSH receptors and mimic TSH -> produces an over stimulation
82
Clinical findings in Grave's disease?
- Hypertrophy of the thyroid
- Exopthalmus (bulging eyes)
- Toxic goiter
83
Examples of reversible structural changes
Loss of ribosomes
partial loss of mitochondria
BLEBS: pouching of cell membrane
84
What are BLEBS?
out pockets of the cell membrane
| 1 - 2 of them is reversible but too many of them is not
85
What are myelin figures?
One or two irreversible change to the cell - disruption of the cell membrane - 1-2 reversible - too many and it becomes irreversible
86
List three types of cell damage and define them?
Karyolysis: dissolution of the nucleus
Pkynosis: condensation (smaller inside) of the nucleus
Karyorrhexis: fragmentation of the nucleus
87
Define Necrosis
Death of cells or tissues through injury or disease, especially in localized area of the body
Condition of cell death
88
List the types of necrosis
```
Coagulative
Liquefaction
Casseous
Gummatous
Zener's
Fibrinoid
Fat
Gangrenous
```
89
Explain Coagulative necrosis?
Implies preservation of basic outline of the coagulated cell for a span of at least some days which allows the body to attempt to heal - size, shape and strength of the cell
90
Components of coagulative necrosis ?
Denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins
Breakdown of cell organelles
Cell swelling
91
Example of coagulative necrosis
Seen in myocardial infarction (death of cardiac tissue)
92
Define Infarct?
zone of necrosis caused by oxygen deficiency
93
White infarct?
results in heart tissue with lack of blood supply (coronary arteries)
94
Red infarct?
| Occurs commonly where?
Develops in the tissue with more than one source of blood supply
-Lungs or liver
95
Fibrosis replaces
Dead tissue
96
Liquefactive necrosis
Complete digestion of dead cells - results in transformation of the tissue into a "liquid viscous mass"
97
Example of liquefactive necrosis
Stroke, the development of an infarct in the brain tissue - area is filled with CSF and neuroglia - brain damage in the case of a stroke - forms a cavity/empty space - replaced with neuroglia then function is lost
98
Explain Cassous Necrosis
"Cheese Like"
Creates cavity
Amorphous granular debris --> seemingly composed of fragmented coagulated cells - enclosed with in a distinctive inflammatory border known as granulomatous reaciotn
99
Granulomatous reaction
| - This leads to what?
where amorphous granular debris are enclosed in an inflammatory border
-This leads to the cavity formation
100
Top two examples of caseous Necrosis?
TB in the lungs (cavity, physical disruption of tissue and vessels)
Leprosy - chronic bacterial infection causing nerve damage
*both contagious
101
Gummatous Necrosis
- List AKAs
- Etiology
AKA = syphilis, Lus or gumma
- STD or congenital
- necrosis of nervous tissue - affects spinal cord and brain
102
Syphillis affects what part of the spinal cord
| - what is it called when it is in this portion of the spinal cord?
POSTERIOR
"Tabes dorsalis"
*symmetrical numbness and tingling
103
general paresis aka general paresis of insane occurs when syphillis is located where?
Gray matter of the brain and leads to dementia
104
Zenker's Necrosis
| - what disease is it common in?
severe waxy or glassy necrosis of skeletal mm. in "acute infectious diseases" like typhoid fever and cholera
105
Fat Necrosis
| -AKA
Necrosis of adipose tissue, characterized by formation of calcium soaps when fat is hydrolyzed in to glycerol and fatty acids
-AKA Steatonecrosis
106
Example of Fat necrosis/stetonecrosis?
| -Characteristics
Panceonecrosis
- more common in middle aged women
- Gall bladder stone obstruct
- leads to death
- pancreatic bile and juices stay with in the pancreas and leads to necrosis of the pancreas
107
Fibrinoid Necrosis
Occurs in the cells of blood vessels when endothelial or smooth muscle cells are injured or dying
*more common with immunopatholgies
108
Example of fibrinoid necrosis pathology?
rheumatic myocarditis from thematic fever
109
Aschoff's Nodules
Nodes are seen in inter muscular connective tissue - seen in rheumatic myocarditis
110
Gangrene Necrosis
| -AKA
serious and potential life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies
-AKA gangrene Necrosis
111
Dry Gangrene
Condition when coagulation is sustained
| -The frame/bone/tissue is there but just BLACK
112
Dry Gangrene is caused by
Ischemia
Atherosclorisis
Diabetes mellitus
113
Pathology commonly associated with dry gangrene
- Systemic sclerosis aka scleroderma
- Diabetes Mellitus aka Diabetic Microangiopathy
- Buerger's disease aka thrombroangitits obliterates
114
AKA for Systemic sclerosis
| Explain
Scleroderma
- Vasospasm and obliteration of small blood vessels of distal extremities
- Collagen
- xray shows normal tone but tissues are affected
115
AKA for diabetes mellitus
| Where are symptoms commonly found?
Extremities, kidney and eyes
116
AKA for Buerger's disease
*Commonly seen in whom?
What occurs?
Thromboangitits Obliterates
-Smokers - results in the development in AB that attack endothelial cells
Usually young males
117
Wet Gangrene
Occurs if the enzymes of invading phagocytic cells break down the necrotic debris and produce some liquefaction
118
Wet gangrene blocks blood flow usually in the veins one example of this is...
bed sores - pressure on the tissue causing decreased blood flow to the areas = cell death
119
An example of Wet Gangrene called Polyarteris modosa is...
systemic vasculartitis of the fingers "Naked bones"
120
Gas Gangrene
Bacterial infection that produces gas with in the tissues
121
What two bacterias cause gas gangrene?
Anaerobic streptococci and Clostridium perfringens
122
What would be a sign of absolute death?
Change in the nucleus:
Karytonsis
Kartorrheic
Pktynosis
123
What two bacterias cause Wet gangrene?
clostridium partings and basically fusiformis
124
Define Gangere
Dead tissue caused by an infection or lack of blood flow
125
Example of gangrene in intestines
hernia
Path 1
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