PATHO

Question 1

TISSUE ALTERATIONS IN ACUTE
INFLAMMATION

Answer 1

Vascular Changes and Cellular Changes

Question 2

He was the first to describe vascular
changes in 1877.

Answer 2

Julius Cohnheim

Question 3

VASCULAR CHANGES

Answer 3

1. Changes in the Blood Vessels
2. Changes in the Rate of Flow
3. Changes in the Bloodstream
4. Exudation of Plasma
5. Emigration of Leukocytes
6. Diapedesis of Erythrocytes

Question 4

Immediately upon application of the irritant, the arterioles are constricted. The constriction is very short-lived (seconds), and is therefore of not much
importance.

Answer 4

Momentary constriction

Question 5

The momentary constriction of vessels is quickly followed by their dilation that
involves first arterioles and then results in the opening of new capillary beds in the
area.

Answer 5

Vasodilation

Question 6

Vasodilation leads to ________ and increased blood flow, the cause of heat
and redness.

Answer 6

hyperaemia

Question 7

This results in concentration of red cells in small vessels and increased viscosity of the blood.

Answer 7

CHANGES IN THE RATE OF FLOW

Question 8

Dilated small vessels packed with red cells

Answer 8

Stasis

Question 9

The endothelial wall of capillaries and venules forms a semi-permeable barrier that allows free movement of
water and small molecules, and is only slightly permeable to plasma proteins.

Answer 9

Increased vascular permeability (vascular leakage):

Question 10

Plasma proteins, namely, ________, ________, ________ leave the leaky vessels.

Answer 10

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Question 11

Together with the increased hydrostatic pressure due to vasodilation, they cause a marked outflow of fluid
and its accumulation in the interstitial tissue. This net increase of extravascular fluid is called ___________.

Answer 11

Inflammatory
oedema.

Question 12

As the early vasodilation results in increased blood flow, later it is soon followed by this.

Answer 12

Slowing of the circulation

Question 13

Retardation is achieved in four ways:

Answer 13

(i) by increasing the capillary bed in the area.
(ii) by swelling of the endothelial cells lining the capillaries.
(iii) increases viscosity of blood, and this leads to further retardation of the flow,
(iv) margination of the leukocytes.

Question 14

The main change consists of a redistribution of the cellular elements of the bloodstream.

Answer 14

CHANGES IN THE BLOODSTREAM

Question 15

Held in the centeR by the centripetal force of the flowing blood.

Answer 15

Cellular elements

Question 16

External to the axial stream, a clear zone consisting mainly of plasma, which is
in contact with the wall of the vessel.

Answer 16

plasmatic stream

Question 17

Process of leukocyte adhesion at the periphery of vessels

Answer 17

Margination

Question 18

Process of brief, loose sticking of leukocytes to the endothelium

Answer 18

rolling

Question 19

Firm sticking of leukocytes to the endothelium

Answer 19

adhesion

Question 20

the endothelium is virtually lined by white cells.

Answer 20

pavementing

Question 21

Following increased vascular permeability, fluid part of the blood escapes into the inflamed area.

Answer 21

EXUDATION OF PLASMA

Question 22

This is the process by which leukocytes come out of the blood vessels into the extravascular space.

Answer 22

EMIGRATION OF LEUKOCYTES

Question 23

refers to the process by which leukocyte migrate from blood vessels. AKA emigration

Answer 23

Diapedesis

Question 24

4 SPECIFIC ACTIONS OF WBCS IN
INFLAMMATION

Answer 24

• Margination and pavementing
• Diapedesis
• Chemotaxis
• Phagocytosis

Question 25

Is the process by which leukocytes are directed to the site of injury

Answer 25

CHEMOTAXIS

Question 26

The process of taking particulate matter in the cytoplasm by cells

Answer 26

phagocytosis

Question 27

5 groups of cells associated with phagocytosis

Answer 27

* Neutrophils * Macrophages * Capillary endothelial cells * Simple squamous EC on serous surfaces * Septal cells of the lung

Question 28

Is the migration of cellular and humoral substances into an area of inflammation

Answer 28

EXUDATION

Question 29

Is composed of the cellular and humoral substances which accumulate in an area of inflammation

Answer 29

EXUDATES

Question 30

5 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF EXUDATE

Answer 30

* the irritant * injured tissue cells * leukocytes (also macrophages and plasma cells) * Plasma constituents (water, protein, fibrin, and antibodies) * erythrocytes.

Question 31

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE VARIATIONS IN THE APPEARANCE OF AN AREA OF INFLAMMATION

Answer 31

* Nature of irritant * Tissue involved * Duration of the applicant of the irritant

Question 32

When the principal constituent of the exudate is lymph or plasma

Answer 32

Serous

Question 33

When the principal constituent of the exudate is mucin

Answer 33

Mucous or Cattarhal

Question 34

When the principal constituent of exudate is fibrin

Answer 34

Fibrinous

Question 35

When the principal constituent of the exudate are neutrophils

Answer 35

Suppurative

Question 36

When the principal constituent of the exudate are RBCs

Answer 36

Hemorrhagic

Question 37

When the principal constituent of the exudate are lymphocytes

Answer 37

Lymphocytic

Question 38

Is the reaction of the body to a protein to which it has been previously sensitized

Answer 38

Allergic

Question 39

CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATION ACCORDING TO DURATION

Answer 39

Peracute Acute Subacute Chronic

Question 40

The process whereby the body destroys and remove the irritant and returns the part to as near a normal functional state

Answer 40

Healing

Question 41

In the process of healing, destroyed cells may be replaced by cells of their own kind

Answer 41

repair by regeneration

Question 42

Often healing is accomplished by replacing highly specialized cells with less specialized connective tissues

Answer 42

repair by substitution

Question 43

Factors affecting the ability to achieve healing:

Answer 43

1. The Genera, Family 2. The Tissue or Organ involved 3. The degree of specialization of the cell 4. The age of the animal

Question 44

Healing is by proliferation of parenchymatous cells leading to complete restoration of the original tissue

Answer 44

Regeneration

Question 45

Repair is the replacement of injured tissue by proliferation of fibrous tissue

Answer 45

Repair

Question 46

Factors Inhibiting Repair

Answer 46

1. Age 2. Nutrition 3. Immune depression 4. Certain diseases 5. Malignancy 6. Drugs 7. Superimposed infection 8. Inflammatory damage

Question 47

Untoward effects of inflammation and repair

Answer 47

1. Perforation 2. Advancing planes of inflammatory tissue 3. Extensive Fibrosis 4. Complications that results from a sequelae

Question 48

The fibers shrink, and the resultant tissue

Answer 48

scar or cicatrix

Question 49

Known as healing by primary union or healing by first intention

Answer 49

Healing of a closed wound

Question 50

Known as healing by second intention or healing by granulation

Answer 50

Healing of an open wound

Question 51

This is accomplished in the same manner as in the healing of open wounds

Answer 51

Healing of an abscess

Question 52

This occurs by organization of exudates

Answer 52

Healing of serous membranes

Question 53

Is characterized by a disturbance in metabolism by an elevation of the body temperature and by various functional disturbances such as increased pulse rate, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, increased thirst, scanty urine and dehydration.

Answer 53

Fever

Question 54

Is the growth of new cells that proliferate without control, serves no useful function, and has no orderly arrangement

Answer 54

Neoplasm

Question 55

the science that deals with the study of neoplastic growth

Answer 55

Oncology

Question 56

Two kinds of Neoplasm

Answer 56

Benign and Malignant

Question 57

Factors that indicate the degree of anaplasia

Answer 57

* Enlargement of the nucleus * multiple nuclei in the cell * enlargement of the nucleolus * increased number of mitotic figures * hyperchromasia of the cell * embryonal self type

Question 58

Most common method of spread of malignant cells

Answer 58

Infiltration

Question 59

Spread of tumor cells from one organ to another by way of lymphatics blood vessels as an embolus

Answer 59

Metastasis

Question 60

Transfer of tumor cells from one serous or mucous surface to another by direct contact

Answer 60

Implantation / Transplantation

Question 61

Tumors derived from epithelial surfaces, either squamous or glandular.

Answer 61

Epithelial

Question 62

involves an epithelial surface.

Answer 62

Papilloma

Question 63

involves glandular epithelium

Answer 63

Adenoma

Question 64

involves either squamous or glandular epithelium.

Answer 64

Carcinoma

Question 65

Tumours derived from connective tissue in general (fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, muscle).

Answer 65

Non-epithelial

Question 66

This tumour arises from an embryonic defect in growth and is composed of one germ layer only, the ectoderm, and contains teeth, hair, and other dermal structures.

Answer 66

Dermal cyst tumour

Question 67

This tumour also arises from an embryonic defect in growth and is composed of two or more germ layers.

Answer 67

Teratoma