How many Canadians have kidney disease?
1 in 10
How long must CKD symptoms persists in order to diagnose the disease?
3 months
What contributes to the vicious cycle of neuronal damage in Parkinson’s disease?
Mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation
For the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, what is the main reason for taking Carbidopa alongside Levodopa?
b) Prevents Levodopa from converting into dopamine in the blood stream
What are three common causes of Myocardial infarction that were discussed in class
- Atherosclerosis, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, coronary artery spasm
Ian is above the age of 45 and lives a sedentary lifestyle, smokes and has type two diabetes. He tells his doctor that his dad died of a heart attack in his 50’s and his brother had a stent placed recently. His doctor has started him on clopidogrel, and a statin medication. What potential disease does Ian have?
CAD
Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with hyperthyroidism?
a) Tachycardia
b) Weight gain
c) Nervousness
d) Insomnia
weight gain
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?
a. Hashimoto’s
b. Congenital hypothyroidism
c. Iodine deficiency
a)
In hypothyroidism, the hormes T3 and T4 would be?
Increased or Decreased
decreased
What is the primary imaging modality used in diagnosing CHF?
xray
echocardiography
nuclear medicine
MRI
echo
The progression of congestive heart failure can be characterized into four stages: Stage A, B, C, and D. What does it mean for a person to be in Stage B?
Structural heart disease with current or prior symptoms
Structural heart disease present but no symptoms yet
Risk factors present but no structural heart disease or symptoms
Experiencing symptoms that interfere with daily activities or require hospitalization
Structural heart disease present but no symptoms yet
When do they post mastectomy radiation therapy?
c.) when there is still more than 4 axillary lymph nodes positive for breast cancer patients will receive radiation post mastectomy
A 52 year old female has been diagnosed with breast cancer. It is negative for progesterone, negative for estrogen and HER2 receptors. Which molecular subtype was the patient diagnosed with?
a.) Luminal B
b.) Basal Like
c.) HER2 enriched
d.) Luminal A
b)
An elderly patient is hospitalized after sustaining an osteoporotic hip fracture. Due to prolonged immobility during recovery, the patient is at increased risk of which of the following complications?
a) Deep vein thrombosis that may progress to pulmonary embolism
b) Increased osteoblast activity resulting in accelerated bone healing
c) Hypercalcemia caused by rapid bone resorption
d) Increased trabecular bone density due to reduced mechanical stress
a)
Which statement best describes the overall goal of osteoporosis management?
To rely on surgical correction for fragility fractures
To ensure the patient receives a BMD scan every month
To minimize fracture risk by combining personalized lifestyle, medical, and monitoring strategies
To completely restore bone loss using anabolic and antiresorptive pharmacologic agents
To minimize fracture risk by combining personalized lifestyle, medical, and monitoring strategies
Which T-Score would classify as osteoporosis?
A. -1.0
B. -1.7
C. -2.3
D. -2.6
d)
Which of the following best describes the cellular mechanism that leads to osteoporosis?
a) Osteoblast activity increases while osteoclast activity decreases, leading to excessive bone formation.
b) Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work at equal rates, maintaining normal bone density.
c) Osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity, causing bone resorption to be greater than bone formation.
d) Osteoclast activity stops completely, preventing normal bone remodeling.
c)
What is the estimated shortened life expectancy for people with Schizophrenia?
5-10 yrs
b. 10-20 yrs
c. 15-20 yrs
d. 20-25 yrs
15-20 years
Depending on which season of the year you are born, it can influence your risk of developing Schizophrenia. Which season(s) are at a higher risk of developing Schizophrenia?
winter AND spring
Why are individuals with Down Syndrome at an increased risk for developing Alzheimer’s Disease?
Extra copy of ATP gene
Extra copy of APP gene
Mutation on the PSEN-1 gene
Mutation on the ApoE gene
extra copy of APP gene
. What is the preferred imaging modality used in Alzheimer’s Disease diagnosis?
MRI
X-ray
Ultrasound
PET
MRI
What is a characteristic of Alzheimer’s Disease?
a) Neurofibrillary Tangles
b) Amyloid-ꞵ Plaques
c) A & B
d) None of the above
c)
What Imaging modality is used to visualize MS lesions on the brain and spinal cord?
Ultrasound
MRI
X-ray
Nuclear medicine
MRI
What movement triggers Lhermitte’s sign?
Turning the head sideways
Extending the neck
Flexing the neck
Walking
flexing the neck
