Patho Final Exam

Question 1

1. Lymph Node Function
2. Thymus Function
3. T-cell origin
4. T-cell function
5. Largest Lymphatic Organ

Answer 1

1. drain body tissues and return to the blood as plasma
2. enable lymphcyte to develop in to T cells
3. T-bone marrow, mature in the thymus
4. Attack foreign or abnormal cells
5. Spleen

Question 2

1. Function of the Spleen
2. Function of the Tonsils
3. How are antibodies used?

Answer 2

1. Macrophages, cell debris, process hemoglobin
2. protect against airborne/ingested pathogens
3. B-cells in response to antigen, 1 set of Ig

Question 3

1. IgG
2. IgA
3. IgM
4. IgE
5. IgD

Answer 3

1. Antibacterial/Viral. 80-85% of plasma antibodies
2. Body surfaces, respiratory/GI tract
3. FIRST responder, too large to cross membrane
4. Mast Cells–> histamine/heparin
5. B cells, antigen receptor (breaks down)

Question 4

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Monocytes
5. Macrophages

Answer 4

1. 60% WBC, phagocytosis
2. Parasitic, Allergic, Lung/Skin Infections
3. Release histamine, Contain Heparin
4. Devour invading organisms
5. Migrate to tissue to devour, inflammation

Question 5

1. Allergy
2. Autoimmunity
3. Alloimmunity

Answer 5

1. anything NOT found in the individual
2. Does not recognize own antigens- Tcells damage tissue
3. attacks transplanted tissue/fetus. Own species

Question 6

Hypersensitivity

1. IgE mediated
2. Tissue/Cytolytic/Cytotoxic
3. Immune Complex Mediated
4. Cell Mediated

Answer 6

1. Anaphylaxis, Penicillin, basophils–> release histamine
2. IgM/IgG, Cell lysis, ABO incom, hemolytic anemia
3. Anitgen/Antibody complex, vessel walls/tissue, inflammation Arthus, Lupus
4. T-Cells, lymphokine, TB dermatitis, transplant rejection

Question 7

1. Prostaglandins
2. Histamines
3. Edema
4. 2nd line defense cells
5. Activator of inflammation

Answer 7

1. Inflammation-remove harm
2. inc permeability of capillaries to WBCs-infected tissue
3. Leakage of plasma proteins
4. Mast, dendritic, blood (rbcs, wbcs, platelets, granulocytes)
5. Mast cells, closest

Question 8

1. Histamin 1
2. Histamine 2
3. Histamine 3

Answer 8

1. dilate blood vessels and contract smooth muscle
2. stimulate heart rate and gastric secretion
3. regulate histamine from neurons

Question 9

1. Early phase of inflammation
2. Late phase inflammation
3. 3rd line of defense/Acquired Immunity

Answer 9

1. fever, leukocytosis, plasma protein synthesis (8-10days)
2. Dense infiltration of lymphocytes & macrophages
3. Exposure to various antigens

Question 10

Acquired Immunity Processes

1. Antigens/Immunogens
2. Humoral Resonse
3. Cell mediated Immunity
4. B & T together

Answer 10

1. Binding/Elicits Immune response
2. Immediate against bacterial/viral infection
3. Rejects transplanted organs–> T cells
4. needed for a normal immune response

Question 11

1. Active Immunity
2. Passive Immunity
3. Titer
4. Self antigens
5. Inflammatory Process

Answer 11

1. Long-term acuired antibody protection
2. Not permanents, trasferred placent–> fetus
3. Concentration of antibody
4. Doesn’t recognize as immunogenic, TOLERANCE
5. Inc WBC, thrombus, macroscopic inflammation, microscopic accumulation of fluid

Question 12

1. Inflammation Signs
2. Bradykinin
3. Leukotrienes
4. Lysozymes
5. Lymphadenopathy

Answer 12

1. Heat, hardening, pain, edema, redness
2. W/ Prostaglandin, PAIN, permability, smooth muscle contraction
3. Histamine like effect, prolonged response, later stage 2nd line
4. Body secretions KILL bacteria
5. proliferation of lymphocytes and monocytes, enlarged lymph

Question 13

Types of T Cells

1. Cytotoxic
2. Helper
3. Regulatory
4. Memory

Answer 13

1. Disrupts membranes and destroy internal environment
2. Help B-cells to mature>release macrophage>activate cytotoxic
3. Tolerance-abolish-Autoimmune
4. Pattern Recognition

Question 14

1. Bacteria
2. Virus
3. Fungi
4. Yeast
5. Mold

Answer 14

1. 1 celled no nucleus reproduce by cell division
2. DNA and RNA, no metabolism. Use host cells
3. Non photosynthetic microbe asexual has a nuclues. Damage tissue
4. Spheres, Facultative anaerobe
5. Mutlinucleated aerobic microbe

Question 15

1. Interferons
2. Cyclosporins
3. Complement System
4. Infant T-Cell response
5. Elderly T-Cell Response

Answer 15

1. Immunomodulator Agent–>Slow tumor cell division
2. Supress production of interferon-y
3. Can destroy pathogens directly
4. Slow Tcell development-depressed inflammatory function (neutrophils)
5. Inc Autoantibodies, Deficient T-cell/Antibody production

Question 16

Complement System

1. Classical Pathway
2. Alternate Pathway
3. Lectin Pathway
4. Final Resut

Answer 16

1. Antibody attaches to antigen > C1 Complex >Serine Protease > C3
2. Young C3 and pathogen (innate immunity) > thioester bond > C3
3. MCL binds to carbohydrate > C3
4. MAC (membrane attack complex)

Question 17

Final Results of the Comlement System

1. Opsonins
2. Chemotactic
3. Anaphylatoxins

Answer 17

1. Coat the surface of bactera, phagocytized
2. Diffuse from site of inflammation phags
3. Rapid degranulation of mast cells. Release HISTAMINE

Question 18

Clotting Cascade

1. Clotting Cascade Activation
2. Activation of Intrinsic Pathway
3. Activation of Extrinsic Pathway
4. Function of Platelets
5. The Liver

Answer 18

1. Enzymes from a fibrin clot
2. Damaged vessel surfaces
3. Tissue Injury, Release Thromboplastin factor 3
4. hemostatic plugs in blood vessels
5. Makes clotting factors

Question 19

Question 20

1. Thromboplastin
2. Life span for RBC
3. DIC is marked by
4. Thrombocytopenia
5. Prolonged Prothrombin Time

Answer 20

1. Released by damaged endothelial cells
2. 120 days
3. Clotting and hemorrhage
4. Cancerous bone marrow, Sequestration, Infection, Radiation
5. Liver cell necrosis, bleed easy

Question 21

1. Thrombocytosis
2. Thrombocytopahty
3. Hematocrit represents
4. Erythropoietin
5. Polycythemia

Answer 21

1. too many platelets
2. Liver failure SE of NSAIDS
3. RBC mass
4. Produced by Kidneys from chronic HYPOXIA
5. Excessive erythrocyte in the bone marrow COPD

Question 22

1. Universal Recipient
2. Universal Donor
3. Rh +
4. Rh -
5. Crossmatch Response

Answer 22

1. AB
2. O
3. Antigen D Present, can transfusion
4. Antigen D Absence, cannot receive Rh+
5. RBCs destroyed lysis, agglutination

Question 23

1. CD 4 T-Cells
2. Seroconversion Process
3. Cortisol released by
4. Adrenergic Receptors
5. Reaction to Catecholamine

Answer 23

1. HIV destroys this
2. Antibody exceeds antigen (prior to process only antigen)
3. Adrenal Cortex
4. Catecholamines - Norephinephrine, Epinephrine
5. Inc HR, Vasoconstriction, Inc oxygen demand, hyperglycemia

Question 24

1. Where does catecholamine get released
2. TNF
3. Who secretes TNF
4. Function of TNF
5. Blood cancers in children

Answer 24

1. Adrenal Medulla
2. Regulate bone metabolism, osteblast
3. Macrophages
4. fever, liver secretes for inflammation, can be lethal
5. Leukemia, Hodkins, Non-Hodgkins

Question 25

Wound Healing 1. Inflammatory Phase 2. New Tissue, Fibroblastic 3. Remodeling 4. Primary Intention Wound 5. Secondary Intention Wound

Answer 25

1. Neutrophils clear the wound of debris 2. Seal, Fibrin Clot replaced by scar tissue, 4th day of injury 3. Scar tissue is thinner, firm, inelastic 4. approximated, closed no dead space 5. Tissue loss, require filling of dead space w/connective tissue

Question 26

1. Folate 2. S/Sx Folate Deficiency 3. Iron deficiency 4. Iron & RBCs 5. Aplastic Anemia Etiology

Answer 26

1. Required for DNA & RNA synthesis, Bone marrow production of Platelets 2. Dysphagia, watery diarrhea, stomatitis, fissures of the mouth 3. Hemoglobin deficiency in RBCs 4. Microcytic & hypochromic (anemia) 5. chronic exposure to viruses, infection autoimmune, allergic states

Question 27

1. Pancytopenia -leukemia, aplastic anemia 2. Aplastic Anemia Treatment 3. Mononucleosis 4. Mono relationship 5. What should you monitor in mono?

Answer 27

1. deficient RBCs, WBCs, platelets, arrested development of bone marrow 2. Bone Marrow transplant 3. B lymphocytes\> receptor EBV 4. Bacteria, virus, Lymphadenopathy, Hematosplenomegaly, Strep 5. Splenic Rupture (LUQ, Left shoulder, Ab)

Question 28

1. What is leukemia 2. Manifestation of leukemia 3. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia 4. Patient that might have lymphadenopathy 5. Malignant Lymphomas possible linkage

Answer 28

1. Overcrowding bone marrow with WBCs, decreased everything else 2. bone pain, inc hr (low h/h), SOB, pallor, dec cap refill, low BP, **WEIGHT LOSS**, inc INR, prolonged PTT, **BLEEDING** 3. Philadelphia chromosome 4. HIV, syphilis, leukemia, Hodkin TB, Mono 5. Mono

Question 29

1. Malignant Lymphoma Cells 2. Manifestation of malignant lymphoma 3. Treatment for Malignant lymphoma 4. Splenomegaly 5. Splenomegaly indicitave of

Answer 29

1. RS 2. pruritis, drenching night sweats, fever 3. chemotherapy, radiation stem cell transplant 4. Sequestering of all three blood components (anemia) 5. Leukemia, TB, Sphyilis, Thalssemai R. HF, Mono Esophageal Varices, Fungal

Question 30

1. Vitamin K deficit 2. Outcome of Vitamin K deficit 3. Trasmission of Hemophilia 4. Etiology of hemophilia 5. Factors of DIC

Answer 30

1. inability to coagulate for synthesis of prothrombin 2. impaired hemostasis associted w/ LIVER dysfunction 3. X-linked recessive disorder by females to males 4. abnormal bleeding, epistaxis 5. Infection, OB complications, Neoplastic disease (leuk), necrosis, heat stroke/shock

Question 31

1. What happens in DIC 2. Treatment for DIC 3. Components needed to make RBC 4. Intrinsic Factor 5. Pernicious Anemia

Answer 31

1. damage to endothelium, activate X factor, Excess Fibrin, occulsion of organs from thromboembolus formation 2. Heparin, oxygen 3. Iron, B12, Folate 4. secreted by the stomach that enables body to absorb b12 5. deficiency of intrinsic factor necessar to absorb b12

Question 32

1. Why injections for Pernicious anemia 2. How long for injections 3. Structure of RBC in Sc.Anemia 4. Sickle Cell Crisis 5. SCAnemia Diet

Answer 32

1. Can't absorb in the GI tract 2. every week until deficiency is correctly, monthly for life 3. lack of o2 causes cell to make a s shape, Rigid, clumped 4. anything that will cause increase need for oxygen 5. high calorie, high protien, folic acid supplement

Question 33

1. Why vaccines for Sc.Anemia 2. Sickling Conditions 3. Conditions associated with Sickle Crisis

Answer 33

1. Absence of normal spleen function 2. hemoglobin A replaced w/ hemoglobin S (sensitive to o2 changes) 3. vasoocclusive crisis, splenic sequestration, hyperhemolytic, aplastic

Question 34

1. Respiratory Acidosis 2. Respiratory Alkalosis 3. Acids are 4. Metabolic Acidosis Etiology 5. Metabolic Alkalosi Etiology

Answer 34

1. Hypoventilation Excess CO2, 2. Hyperventilation (compensating HC03 decreases) Similar to m. acidosis 3. hydrogen ion DONORS, end product of metabolism 4. Kussmauls, hypotension, headache 5. vomiting, gastic suction, cardiac dysrythmias, twitching

Question 35

1. Order of Compensation Acid/Base Balance 2. RAAS controls... 3. When renin is released 4. What is Angiotensin II 5. Aldosterone stimulates...

Answer 35

1. Buffer, Lungs, Kidneys, Potassium 2. reabsorption of sodium 3. BP or fluid concentration is LOW 4. vasoconstrictor, secretes ALDOSTERONE 5. absorb NA secrete K

Question 36

1. Where is ADH produced 2. What stimulates ADH 3. ADH + Aldosterone inc BP 4. 3rd spacing 5. Risk for 3rd spacing

Answer 36

1. Hypothalamus 2. dehydration or high sodium, decreased blood volume 3. Increase Sodium and water 4. trapped fluid in interstitial space (nonfunctional), fluid LOSS 5. Burn patients, preeclampsia

Question 37

1. Osmotic Pressure 2. Hydrostatic pressure/Filtration 3. HTN and Coronary Disease 4. Which cardiac ensymes are affected in MI 5. Stimulation of baroreceptors

Answer 37

1. low concentration to high concentration 2. higher pressure to lower pressure 3. CDA is loss of oxygen, HTN increase oxygen demand 4. Creanin Kinase, NP, Troponins, Myoglobin 5. hypoperfusion in MI

Question 38

1. Where can MI stem from 2. EKG changes MI 3. Signs Right sided HF 4. Signs Left sided HF 5. What type of HF happens first

Answer 38

1. athrosclerosis, thrmobsis platelet, stenosis 2. ST elevated 3. Jug vein distention, peripheral edema 4. pulmonary edema, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 5. Left sided

Question 39

1. Asthma 2. Chronic Bronchitis 3. Emphysema 4. Obstructive Lung Disease 5. Restrictive Lung Disease

Answer 39

1. bronchospasma, increase mucus, wheezing, airflow resist 2. inflammation, productive cough 3. enlargements of acini and destruction of alveolar walls, TISSUE, not mucus 4. SOB, exhaling is difficult 5. can't inhale/expand fully, lung stiffness

Question 40

1. Cor Pulmonale 2. S/Sx Cor Pulmonale 3. Pulmonary Edema

Answer 40

1. chronic hypoxemia, pulmonary HTN, hypertrophy of muscle 2. hepatomegaly, RUQ discomfort, weight gain, dyspnea 3. sodium water enters the lungs, can lead to ARDS

Question 41

1. Arthus define 2. Aplastic define 3. Kinin system define

Answer 41

1. Edema-Abscesses-Gangrene 2. Ineffective development 3. Hormones-BP control-Coag-Pain