AMERI/TEX GOV > Patho Test 3 > Flashcards

Patho Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Incomplete lung expansion (partial or full collapse).

Prevented by avoiding smoking.

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2
Q

Describe lung compliance.

A

The ability of the lung to expand under pressure.

Decreased lung compliance results in increased work of breathing.

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3
Q

What factors contribute to lung compliance?

A
  • Elastin and collagen fibers of the lung
  • Water content
  • Surface tension of alveoli
  • Flexibility of the chest
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4
Q

What happens when there is decreased lung compliance?

A

Increased work of breathing.

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5
Q

What are accessory muscles related to breathing?

A

Muscles that assist in breathing, particularly during increased respiratory demand.

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6
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A

5800 ml, the total amount of air the lungs can hold.

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7
Q

Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV).

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled from the point of maximal expiration.

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8
Q

What is Tidal Volume (TV)?

A

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath.

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9
Q

Define Residual Volume (RV).

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.

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10
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from the resting and expiratory level.

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11
Q

What is Vital Capacity (VC)?

A

Maximal amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the point of maximal inspiration.

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12
Q

How do the lungs protect themselves from bacteria entering?

A
  • Cough reflex to clear secretions and substances
  • Mucous blanket and cilia to trap and move substances out
  • Immunity through enzymes, globulins, macrophages
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13
Q

Name 3 functions of the lungs.

A
  • Ventilation - flow of gases into alveoli
  • Perfusion - movement of blood through pulmonary capillaries
  • Diffusion - transfer of gases between alveoli and capillaries
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14
Q

What does immunosuppressed mean?

A

A state where the immune system’s ability to fight infectious disease is compromised.

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15
Q

What are the classic symptoms of TB?

A
  • Persistent cough
  • Chest pain
  • Coughing up blood or phlegm
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
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16
Q

What is the diagnosis process for LTBI?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Cannot spread to others
  • Diagnosed with X-ray, sputum tests, and +TST
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17
Q

What is the tuberculin skin test (TST)?

A

A test where results are read 48-72 hours after placement, measuring induration.

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18
Q

What is the preferred treatment regimen for TB?

A

4 months of antibiotics; additional 7 months for patients with cavitary pulmonary TB.

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19
Q

What is latent TB infection (LTBI)?

A

Some bacteria survive and remain dormant but viable for years.

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20
Q

What precautions should be taken for TB patient care?

A
  • Single patient rooms
  • Wearing of masks
  • Respiratory protection
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21
Q

How is TB spread?

A

Transmitted through close contact, airborne route, communal living.

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22
Q

What is asthma?

A

A chronic condition characterized by hyper-reaction to allergens and irritants.

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23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?

A
  • Wheezing
  • Chest tightness
  • Cough
  • Use of accessory muscles
  • Fatigue
  • Diaphoresis
  • Anxiety
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24
Q

Define dyspnea.

A

Shortness of breath.

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25
What is hypercapnia?
Increased CO2 levels due to neural changes or abnormalities in chest wall or respiratory muscles.
26
What is pleural effusion?
Fluid in the pleural cavity.
27
What is pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural space.
28
What is spontaneous pneumothorax?
Idiopathic occurrence in men aged 10-30 years.
29
What is tension pneumothorax?
Air trapped in pleural space that cannot escape.
30
What is the common cold?
An upper respiratory tract infection due to many types of viruses.
31
What are the signs and symptoms of influenza?
* Rapid onset * Fever * Rigors * Malaise * Muscle ache * Profuse nasal drip
32
What is pneumonia?
Inflammation of alveoli that fills with fluid or pus.
33
What are the types of pneumonia?
* Bacterial pneumonia * Viral pneumonia * Fungal pneumonia * Aspiration pneumonia
34
What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease characterized by fatigue, barrel chest, and clubbed fingers.
35
What are the causes of COPD?
* Smoking * Pollutants * Hereditary factors * Repeated respiratory infections
36
What is the difference between chronic bronchitis and emphysema?
* Emphysema: Pockets that trap air at alveoli * Chronic bronchitis: Overproduction of mucus that plugs airway
37
Define cystic fibrosis.
An autosomal recessive disorder affecting exocrine glands and leading to thick mucus obstruction.
38
How do the kidneys assist in blood pressure regulation?
By adjusting fluid and sodium levels through the renin-angiotensin system.
39
What is ischemia?
Decreased blood flow (O2) to tissues.
40
What is dyslipidemia?
Abnormal level of lipids in the blood.
41
What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome?
* Increased fasting blood sugar * Increased blood pressure * Increased waist circumference * Increased triglycerides or LDL * Decreased HDL
42
What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Narrowing of blood supply in legs and feet, leading to low circulation.
43
What is Berger’s disease?
Segmental thrombosis occurring in hands and feet, presumed autoimmune.
44
Define aneurysm.
Abnormal wall distention due to arterial wall weakness.
45
What is aortic dissection?
A medical emergency involving tearing or bleeding into a vessel wall.
46
What is the venous system?
A low-pressure system that returns blood to the heart with valves to prevent backflow.
47
What is orthostatic hypotension?
Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing.
48
What is hypertension?
Elevated blood pressure from known or unknown causes.
49
What is a nephron?
The functional unit of the kidney.
50
What is the most common pathogen for UTIs?
Escherichia coli (E. coli).
51
What are the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)?
* Emptying symptoms: Hesitancy, intermittency, dysuria * Storage symptoms: Urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence
52
What are catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) commonly caused by?
E. coli or Pseudomonas ## Footnote CAUTIs are a significant source of morbidity and increased healthcare costs.
53
What are some consequences of CAUTIs?
Increased length of stay, costs, morbidity, mortality ## Footnote These consequences can significantly affect patient outcomes and healthcare resources.
54
What are lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)?
Symptoms related to bladder function, including emptying and storage symptoms ## Footnote LUTS can be indicative of various urological conditions.
55
What are some examples of emptying symptoms?
* Hesitancy * Intermittency * Post void dribbling * Urinary retention * Dysuria ## Footnote These symptoms can indicate issues with bladder emptying.
56
What are some examples of storage symptoms?
* Urinary frequency * Urgency * Incontinence * Nocturia * Nocturnal enuresis ## Footnote Storage symptoms can affect quality of life and may indicate underlying conditions.
57
What are upper urinary tract symptoms?
* Flank pain * Chills * Fever * Fatigue * Anorexia * Asymptomatic (bacteria present without symptoms) ## Footnote Upper urinary tract symptoms can indicate more severe infections than LUTS.
58
What is asymptomatic bacteriuria?
Colonization of bacteria in the bladder without symptoms ## Footnote Treatment is often unnecessary unless specific conditions like pregnancy are present.
59
What diagnostic studies are used for urinary tract infections?
* Dipstick for nitrates, WBC, and leukocyte esterase * Urine culture/sensitivity * History of recurring UTIs ## Footnote These studies help in diagnosing and managing UTIs effectively.
60
What is glomerulonephritis?
Inflammation of the glomeruli ## Footnote It is the third leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
61
What are the two types of glomerulonephritis?
* Acute - sudden symptoms, temporary or reversible * Chronic - slow progressive, irreversible renal failure ## Footnote The type of glomerulonephritis affects treatment and prognosis.
62
What is acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
A common type of acute glomerulonephritis that develops after streptococcal infections ## Footnote Symptoms include generalized edema, hypertension, and hematuria.
63
What is end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?
Final stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by decreased renal function ## Footnote Symptoms include severe fatigue, confusion, and shortness of breath.
64
What are obstructive uropathies?
Anatomic or functional conditions that block or impede the flow of urine ## Footnote They can be congenital or acquired and affect one or both kidneys.
65
What is hydronephrosis?
Parietal obstruction of the ureter or ureteropelvic junction ## Footnote It can lead to kidney damage if not treated.
66
What is the most common type of kidney stone?
Calcium stones ## Footnote Other types include calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, cystine, struvite, and uric acid.
67
What are causes of urinary incontinence?
* Weak pelvic floor muscles * Overactive bladder * Neurological diseases * Prostate issues * Medications * UTI ## Footnote Identifying the cause is essential for effective treatment.
68
What are causes of urinary retention?
* Obstruction (kidney stones, tumors, enlarged prostate) * Nerve problems * Medications * Weakened bladder muscles * Infections and inflammation ## Footnote Urinary retention can lead to serious complications if untreated.
69
What is blunt renal trauma?
Most common type of renal injury caused by abdominal, flank, or back injury ## Footnote Diagnosis often involves urinalysis, ultrasound, or CT.
70
What is renal artery stenosis?
Narrowing of one or both renal arteries caused by atherosclerosis ## Footnote Treatment typically involves controlling blood pressure and renal perfusion.
71
What is renal vein thrombosis?
Formation of a blood clot in one of the renal veins ## Footnote Causes can include contraceptive use, cancer, and pregnancy.
72
What are common symptoms of bladder cancer?
* Hematuria * Flank pain * Palpable mass * Weight loss * Fever * Anemia ## Footnote Early stages are often asymptomatic and found incidentally.
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