Normal microbiota
- axenic = _______________
- Resident = ____________________
- Transient = _____________
1) no microbiota
2) stay for a long time
3) short stay
Normal microbiota is Usually ______________ (both benefit) or ________________ (one benefits, one is unharmed)
1) mutualistic
2) commensalistic
microbiota can be ________________ which will become parasitic (usually not) if __________________________________.
Ex. _______________________
1) Opportunistic
2) certain bacteria is where it shouldn’t be
3) C. diff
Cases that opens you up for Opportunistic infections are:
- __________________ (HIV, cancer; typically really bad)
- Changes in normal microbiota
- _________________ (when something that should not win does, and end up causing prop)
- Antibiota, hormone changes, stress, diet
- Introduction of normal microbiota to ___________________
1) Immune suppression
2) Competition
3) unusual site
Where do pathogens live before they infect you?
- Animal reservoirs
- Human carriers
- Nonliving reservoirs
Animal reservoirs
- Zoonosis (plural zoonoses) :_____________________
- __________________ w/ animal/waste, eating animal, bloodsucking arthropods
- __________________ ( large populations)
“Humans usually dead end host (don’t participate in life cycle; not spread to animals for the most part) because we go to doctors and animals don’t eat us and we dispose our feces properly”
1) sickness from animal
2) Direct contact
3) Extensive reservoirs
Zoonosis diseases
1) _______________________ —–> uncooked meat
2) _______________________ —–> bit by a female mesquito
3) _______________________ —–> contaminated meat, contact w/ infected tissues, CATS
1) Tapeworms
2) Malaria
3) Toxoplasmosis
Human carriers —–> people not showing signs or symptoms of an obvious disease
EX. -______________: maybe years before disease develops
AIDS / Syphilis
what are the 3 examples of the Nonliving reservoirs
- _________________
1) soil, water, food
how do microbes get to you?
_________________: presence of microbes in/on body (doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll get sick Could become
- Resident
- Transient
- Overcome body defenses, multiply, established in body which will cause it to become ______
1) Contaminated
2) an INFECTION!!
what are the Modes of transformation?
1) Contact
2) Vehicle
3) Vectors
- Contact
- _________________ (touch the source)
- ______________ (source touches something, you touch that same thing)
- __________ (coughing, exhaling, talking; less than 1 meter)
1) Direct contact
2) Indirect contact
3) Droplet
- Vehicle
- ___________ (more than 1 meter)
- ___________ (fecal-oral contamination)
- ___________
- ___________
1) Airborne
2) Waterborne ( putting feces in your mouth )
3) Foodborne
4) Bodily fluids
- Vectors
- ____________
- ____________ (accidental)
1) Biological (pathogen is inside the vector and is multiplying and becomes a part of the life cycle)
2) Mechanical (fly- not a part of the life cycle)
what are the four Portals of Entry?
- Skin
- Mucous Membranes
- Placenta
- Parenteral route
- Skin - good protective layer
- __________
- __________ (digests outer layers, thru the skin)
1) cuts
2) burrow
Mucous Membranes - wind around body cavity open for the env.
- warm & moist and _______________
- ____________ —> most common entry site
1) hospitable
2) respiratory tract
entery of microbiota to the Placenta causes ________________________
what antibody crosses the placenta? _______
1) birthdefect
2) IgG
Parenteral route
- _____________________
- pathogens directly into tissues beneath skin or mucous membranes
Ex. ____________________
1) not a true portal of entry
2) STEPPING ON A NAIL
Microbiota is found in
1) Upper Resperator Tract
2) Upper Digestive Tract
3) Lower Digestive Tract
4) Female and Male Urigenital System
5) Eyes & Skin
Microbes need to find a way to “stick” or _____________________
they’ll get flushed out
Adhesion factors are
- ____________, Ligands/adhesions
terms we use for Adhesions ____________________
- Attachment proteins - depending on
1) Suckers
2) (fimbriae, flycocalyx)
3) what it is (they have different mechanisms)
*Consider the host!
________________________ May work on humans but not on dogs.
Host specificity!! ——–> different organisms have different receptors on their cells
how does the disease manifest?
- Disease (morbity) – _________________________
- Infection – ________________________________
- Disease – ________________________________
- Signs – _______________________________________
- Symptoms – ______________________________________
- Syndrome – ____________________________________
- Asymptomatic/Subclinical – _________________________________________
1) change from a state of health
2) invasion of pathogen (finds portal of entry and has proper adhesion factors; will start infection)
3) microbe multiplies sufficiently to adversely affect body
4) objections (rash; swelling; diarrhea; detected or measured by an observer)
5) symptoms (pain; nausea; headache; sensed by the patient only)
6) signs & symptoms characteristic of a disease à certain infection
7) no symptoms or signs; possibly in blood work though
