Pathology

Question 1

Avulsion Fractures

Answer 1

Avulsion fractures are generally small fragments torn from bony prominences; they are usually the
result of indirectly applied tension forces within attached ligaments and tendons rather than direct blows.

Question 2

Bennet’s fractures

Answer 2

A Bennett fracture is a fracture of the base of the thumb resulting from forced abduction of the first metacarpal.

Question 3

Bimalleolar

Answer 3

• A bimalleolar fracture is one involving both the medial and the lateral malleoli.
• Because of the mechanism of injury, the fracture on one side is transverse, whereas the fracture on the other side is oblique or spiral.

Question 4

Blow-out fracture

Answer 4

A blowout fracture is caused by a direct blow to the
front of the orbit that causes a rapid increase in intra-orbital
pressure.

Question 5

Boxer’s fracture

Answer 5

A boxer’s fracture is a transverse fracture of the neck of
the fifth metacarpal with volar (palmar) angulation of the
distal fragment. This injury is typically the
result of a blow struck with the fist.

Question 6

Closed fracture

Answer 6

In closed fractures, the overlying skin is intact; if

the overlying skin is disrupted, the fracture is open, or compound.

Question 7

Colle’s Fracture

Answer 7

Colles’ fracture is a transverse fracture through the distal
radius with dorsal (posterior) angulation and often overriding of the distal fracture fragment. In more than half the cases, there is an associated avulsion fractureof the ulnar styloid process. Colles’ fracture is usually caused by a fall on the outstretched hand and is the most common fracture of the wrist.

Question 8

Comminuted fracture

Answer 8

Fractures with more than 2 fragments.

Question 9

Complete fracture

Answer 9

Discontinuity between two or more fragments.

Question 10

Compound fracture

Answer 10

Overlying skin is disrupted with tissue destruction(also called open fracture).

Question 11

Compression Fracture

Answer 11

• A compression fracture results from a compression force
  that causes compaction of bone trabeculae and results in
  decreased length or width of a portion of a bone.
• Compression fractures most commonly occur in the vertebral body as a result of flexion of the spine; they may also be seen as impacted fractures of the humeral or femoral heads.

Question 12

Contrecoup fracture

Answer 12

A fracture of the cranial vault occurring at a site approximately opposite the point of impact.

Question 13

Depressed fractures

Answer 13

Portions of the fracture fragments driven inward, such as the skull or tibial plateau. Star like fractures.

Question 14

Fractures with bone fragments out of alignment.

Answer 14

Displaced fractures

Question 15

Greenstick fracture

Answer 15

• A greenstick fracture is an incomplete fracture with the
  opposite cortex intact.
• Greenstick fractures are found almost exclusively in infants and children because of the softness of their cancellous bone.

Question 16

Hangman’s fracture

Answer 16

• The hangman’s fracture is the result of acute hyperextension of the head on the neck. It appears as a fracture of the arch of C2 anterior to the inferior facet and is usually associated with anterior subluxation of C2 on C3.
• Although originally described in patients who had been
  hanged, this injury is now far more commonly the result of
  motor vehicle collisions

Question 17

Impacted Fracture

Answer 17

Impacted fracture is a type of fracture in which one of the broken fragments of the bone wedges into another.

Question 18

A fracture that causes only partial discontinuity, with a portion of the cortex remaining intact.

Answer 18

Incomplete fracture

Question 19

Intertrochanteric Fracture

Answer 19

Intertrochanteric Fractures are common extracapsular fractures of the proximal femur at the level of the greater and lesser trochanter that are most commonly seen following ground-level falls in the elderly population.

Question 20

Linear fracture

Answer 20

the break is parallel to the bone’s long axis

Question 21

Longitudinal fracture

Answer 21

Longitudinal fractures are fractures that occur along (or nearly along) the axis of the bone.

Question 22

March Fracture

Answer 22

March fracture, is the fracture of the distal third of one of the metatarsals occurring because of recurrent stress.

Question 23

Monteggia Fracture

Answer 23

A Monteggia fracture (Figure 4-106) is an isolated fracture of the shaft of the ulna associated with anterior dislocation of the radius at the elbow.

Question 24

Oblique Fracture

Answer 24

An oblique fracture runs a course of approximately 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone and is caused by angulation or by both angulation and compression forces.

Question 25

Open Fractures

Answer 25

Overlying skin is disrupted.

Question 26

Pathological Fracture

Answer 26

- A pathologic fracture occurs when a bone breaks in an area that was already weakened by another disease. - Causes of weakened bone include osteoporosis, tumors, infection, and certain inherited bone disorders.

Question 27

Salter-Harris fracture

Answer 27

A Salter-Harris fracture is an injury to the growth plate area of a child’s bone.

Question 28

Smith's fracture

Answer 28

A smith fracture is a fracture of the distal radius.

Question 29

Spiral Fracture

Answer 29

A spiral fracture encircles the shaft, is generally longer than an oblique fracture, and is caused by torsional forces.

Question 30

Supracondylar fracture

Answer 30

A supracondylar fracture is an injury to the humerus, or upper arm bone, at its narrowest point, just above the elbow.

Question 31

Transverse Fracture

Answer 31

A transverse fracture runs at a right angle to the long axis of a bone and most commonly results from a direct blow or is a fracture within pathologic bone.

Question 32

Trimalleolar fracture

Answer 32

Trimalleolar fractures involve the posterior lip of the tibia in addition to the medial and lateral malleoli and usually represent fracture–dislocations.

Question 33

Undisplaced Fractures

Answer 33

Fracture without angulation or separation.

Question 34

Ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 34

Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the small bones in your spine (vertebrae) to fuse. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched-forward posture. If ribs are affected, it can be difficult to breathe deeply.

Question 35

Aseptic necrosis

Answer 35

- Cystic and sclerotic degeneration due to injury, not infection. - Caused by poor blood supply to an area of bone, leading to localized bone death.

Question 36

Cystic bone lesion

Answer 36

round osteolytic destructions of the bone structure that appear either as a independent skeletal entity or as a particular symptom of a multitude of focal or systemic diseases of the hand skeleton.

Question 37

Developmental hip dysplasia

Answer 37

Congenital hip dysplasia, also known as developmental hip dysplasia, results from incomplete acetabulum formation caused by physiologic and mechanical factors.

Question 38

Gout

Answer 38

Gout is a disorder in the metabolism of purine (a component of nucleic acids) in which an increase in the blood level of uric acid leads to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints, cartilage, and kidney.

Question 39

Joint effusion

Answer 39

Joint effusion (a swollen joint) happens when extra fluids flood the tissues around your joint.

Question 40

Kyphosis

Answer 40

Anterior convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine, sacrum, and coccyx, as viewed from the side.

Question 41

Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease ( LCPD) is a childhood hip disorder initiated by a disruption of blood flow to the head of the femur.

Answer 41

Legge-Calve-Perthe’s disease

Question 42

Anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine, as viewed from the side.

Answer 42

Lordosis

Question 42

Anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine, as viewed from the side.

Answer 42

Lordosis

Question 43

Occurs when cancer cells break away from the original tumor and spread to the bones, where they begin to multiply.

Answer 43

Metastatic bone lesions

Question 44

- a disseminated (widespread) malignancy of plasma cells that may be associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure, hypercalcemia, renal failure, and recurrent infections. - Occurs at intramedullary canal of the diaphysis

Answer 44

Multiple myeloma

Question 45

a condition that causes pain and swelling below the knee joint, where the patellar tendon attaches to the top of the shinbone (tibia), a spot called the tibial tuberosity. There may also be inflammation of the patellar tendon, which stretches over the kneecap.

Answer 45

Osgood Schlatter’s disease

Question 46

- This condition suffers repeated fractures caused by the severe osteoporosis and the thin, defective cortices. - Pathologic fracture, very thin cortical density

Answer 46

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 47

Narrowing of the joint space, caused by thinning of the articular cartilage, and development of small bony spurs (osteophytes) along the margins of the articular edges of the bones.

Answer 47

Osteoarthritis

Question 48

bacterial, or fungal, infection of the bone.

Answer 48

Osteomyelitis

Question 49

- Loss of bone mass in entire skeleton(accelerated bone resorption) - Cortical thinning appears as a relatively dense and prominent thin line

Answer 49

Osteoporosis

Question 50

Benign projection of bone with a cartilaginous cap that arises in childhood or the teen years, especially about the knee.

Answer 50

Osteosarcoma

Question 51

Destruction of bone, followed by a reparative process, results in weakened, deformed, and thickened bony structures that tend to fracture easily.

Answer 51

Paget's disease

Question 52

• Periarticular soft tissue swelling • Symmetric joint destruction and deformity - synovial inflammation (soft tissue mass) causes narrowing of atlantoaxial articulation.

Answer 52

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 53

Lateral curvature of any of the spine.

Answer 53

Scoliosis

Question 54

- A posterior defect of the spinal canal, resulting from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly. - associated with large bony defects, absence of the laminae, and increased interpedicular distance

Answer 54

Spina Bifida

Question 55

Defect in par interarticularis with displacement.

Answer 55

Spondylolisthesis

Question 56

Defect in par interarticularis without displacement.

Answer 56

Spondylolysis

Question 57

degenerative changes in the spine such as bone spurs and degenerating intervertebral discs between the vertebrae

Answer 57

Spondylosis

Question 58

Partial dislocation of joint

Answer 58

Subluxation

Question 59

Causing collapse of part or all lung

Answer 59

Atelectasis

Question 60

Permanent dilation of one or more large bronchi.

Answer 60

Bronchiectasis

Question 61

Excessive tracheobronchial mucus production, leading to the obstruction of small airways.

Answer 61

Bronchitis

Question 62

Irregular thickening of linear markings throughout lung. Hyperinflation CT demonstrates structural lung damage and disease progression Affects bronchi

Answer 62

Cystic fibrosis

Question 63

Flattening of the domes of the diaphragm, increased AP diameter of the chest, and increased lucency of the retrosternal air space a

Answer 63

Emphysema

Question 64

Pus in the pleural space is called _________________.

Answer 64

Empyema

Question 65

Haemophilus influenzae most commonly causes _____ | ____________.

Answer 65

epiglottitis

Question 66

A viral infection causing inflammatory obstructive swelling of the subglottic portion of the trachea is:

Answer 66

croup

Question 67

Accumulation of blood in pleural cavity

Answer 67

Hemothorax

Question 68

``` A necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent (puslike) material ```

Answer 68

Lung Abcess

Question 69

Spread of disease to another organ or tissue in the body.

Answer 69

Metastasis

Question 70

Accumulation of fluid in pleural space

Answer 70

Pleural effusion

Question 71

``` A lung inflammation caused by bacteria or viruses is called a(n) _________________. ```

Answer 71

Pneumonia

Question 72

Air in pleural cavity

Answer 72

Pneumothorax

Question 73

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissues(interstitial spaces)

Answer 73

Pulmonary edema

Question 74

a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs.

Answer 74

Pulmonary emboli

Question 75

Death of one or more segments of lung due to lack of blood supply.

Answer 75

Pulmonary infarction

Question 76

* Throughout both lungs | * Early focal infiltrates progressing to generalized patchy interstitial infiltrates

Answer 76

Severe acute respiratory syndrome | SARS

Question 77

* Affects Paranasal sinuses; maxillary most common * radiograph—mucosal thickening and fluid levels on sinus * CT—demonstrates sinonasal anatomy and fluid levels on coronal imaging

Answer 77

Sinusitis