What can you histologically tell the difference between hyperplastic lesions and benign neoplastic lesions?
(Hyperplastic lesions do not compress the surrounding tissue whereas benign neoplastic lesions do compress surrounding tissue)
(T/F) The parathyroid glands are not pituitary dependent.
(T)
What do the parathyroid glands respond to?
(Calcium levels in the blood)
What can occur secondarily to lymphocytic parathyroiditis, which is characterized by lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration of the parathyroid glands which then undergoes fibrosis in later stages of the disease?
(Hypoparathyroidism)
(T/F) Functional hypoparathyroidism with no underlying lesions can occur in postparturient dogs and cows.
(T, the parathyroid glands are simply inactive due to the physiologic state)
Is primary or secondary (choose one) hyperparathyroidism rare and typically due to a functional adenoma or occasionally carcinoma?
(Primary)
What does secondary hyperparathyroidism occur secondarily to?
(Renal failure → too much phosphate leads to a decrease in calcium which stimulates PTH but calcium cannot be increased bc of high phosphate so the cycle just continues until eventual osteolysis)
What is the term for the condition in which neoplastic diseases such as lymphosarcomas and carcinomas of the anal sac glands secrete parathormone-like substances that increase calcium by using skeletal stores?
(Pseudohyperparathyroidism)
(T/F) Both low and high dietary iodide can cause thyroid hyperplasia.
(T)
(T/F) Malignant carcinomas of the thyroid are more common than benign neoplasms.
(T)
Where do malignant neoplasms of the thyroid primarily metastasize?
(The lungs → lymphatic drainage from the thyroid to the lungs has no intermediary lymph node)
What do the C-cells/parafollicular cells of the thyroid secrete?
(Calcitonin)
Why is the zona glomerulosa more resistant to adrenal hypoplasia/atrophy when compared to the zona fasciculata and reticularis?
(B/c adrenal hypoplasia/atrophy usually occurs secondarily to a pituitary problem and the zona glomerulosa depends less on the pituitary gland when compared to the other two zones)
(T/F) Adrenal hemorrhage is common following stressful or painful incidents so it is a fairly common incidental finding in many necropsies.
(T)
The most common cause of adrenal cortex atrophy is idiopathic but it can also occur secondarily to what two conditions?
(Inflammation and a pituitary lesion causing decreased ACTH)
Does diffuse or nodular (choose one) adrenal cortex hyperplasia result secondarily to excess pituitary secretion of ACTH (e.g. Cushing’s disease)?
(Diffuse adrenal hyperplasia)
(T/F) Benign adenomas of the adrenal cortex are more common than malignant carcinomas.
(T)
Pheochromocytomas are neoplasms of what structure?
(Adrenal medulla)
Soft tissue mineralization occurs secondarily to the dysfunction of what renal function?
(Occurs secondarily to the dysfunction of the kidneys regulation of electrolytes specifically phosphate → hyperphosphatemia leads to increased parathyroid hormone which induces calcium resorption from the bones and leads to soft tissue mineralization)
What is the difference between agenesis and aplasia?
(Agenesis is the complete absence of an organ and its precursor tissue whereas aplasia is the presence of precursor tissue that failed to develop into an organ)
What is the difference between hypoplasia and atrophy?
(Hypoplasia is the failure of an organ to develop to normal size whereas atrophy is the shrinkage of an organ from normal size due to damage)
What three abnormalities is renal dysplasia characterized by?
(Persistence of immature structures, disorganization of normal structures, and the presence of abnormal tissue)
What is an ectopic ureter?
(A ureter that empties into the urethra, vagina, vas deferens or neck of the urinary bladder instead of into the trigone as it should)
What are the clinical consequences of an ectopic ureter? Two answers.
(Urinary incontinence and UTIs)
