Definition of Hydrocephalus
- Accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain ventricles
Specimen for examination of Hydrocephalus
Vault of the skull
Adult Hydrocephalic Skull in hydrocephelus
- The skull sutures : fused (adult skull)
- The outer surface : smooth.
- The inner surface : shows excess pits
- Thinning of the inner table due to pressure atrophy caused by distended meninges.
NE of Tuberculous Meningitis
- The inferior surface of the brain demonstrating encasement of the base of the brain with thick white exudate, characteristic of TB leptomeningitis.
ME of Tuberculous granuloma
Tuberculous granuloma is formed of:
- Epithelioid cells which are large cells with ill-defined cell borders, abundant pale cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei.
- Giant cells with multiple nuclei arranged either in a horse-shoe manner (Langhans type) or central (foreign body type).
- Peripheral zone of lymphocytes.
- Variable degrees of central caseation.
Obliterative endarteritis and infarction.
Organisms can be seen with acid-fast stains.
what does brain infarction complicate?
embolic occlusion or thrombotic occlusion
NE of Brain infarction
pale, opaque, triangular in shape in the distribution of middle cerebral artery
ME of Pilocytic astrocytoma —grade I
- Mildly cellular, formed of mature astrocytes within excess fibrillary background
- Cells are bipolar with stroma of eosinophilic elongated and coma shaped fibers (Rosenthal fibers).
ME of Diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma —grade II
- Hypercellular, formed of pleomorphic astrocytes within excess fibrillary background.
ME of Glioblastoma Multiforme —–grade IV
- Formed of primitive astrocytes with marked Pleomorphism, Giant cells, mitosis, necrosis (palisasded) , vascular endothelial proliferation in glomeruloid manner.
ME of Medulloblastoma
Small dark stained cells arranged in rosettes without central lumen (Homer Wright rosettes).
ME of Meningioma
Formed of spindle shaped cells arranged in concentric layers with calcifications in the center (Psammoma bodies).
