What does APTT prolongation indicaate?
Deficiency of coagulation factors: XII, XI, IX, VIII, X, V, II, Fibrinogen,
What diseases increase APTT?
Haemophilia A & B, DIC, Liver disease, Warfarin Therapy, heparin therapy
What causes Fat necrosis in pancreatitis?
Enzymatic lipolysis
What is a Type I hypersensitivity mediated reaction?
IgE mediation with degranulation of Mast cells and Basophils.
Allergic Rhinitis, Conjunctivitis, Asthma, Anaphylaxis, Angioedema, urticaria, pen allergy.
What is a Type II Hypersensitivity reaction?
IgG or IgM antibody mediated - when antibodies are produced for certain cell surface antigens. There is rapid reactions to this
What is a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
IgG reacts to free soluble antigens by forming an immune complex which are opsonized. If there is a sudden influx of this antigen then the reaction occurs as the system is overwhelmed.
What is a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
Activated T lymphocytes cause direct killing or release cytokines which activate macrophages - and usually cause a delayed T IV reaction - 48-72hrs
What is the best way to tell the difference between platelet vs Coagulation disease?
Deep haematomas are more common in coagulation disease and rare in platelet disorder and bleeding from skin cuts is persistent in platelet disorder and minimal in coagulation disease.
Mucosal bleeding and petechiae are more common in platelet disease
What does deficiency in Complement decay-accelerating factor lead to?
Paroxsymal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.
What are Natural killer cells?
They are Cytotoxic CD8 +ve cells which lack the T cell receptor - they means they show expression of the HLA molecules and if this is expressed on a target cell it inhibits the NK cell. If there is a lack of this then it kills its target
What is the most common anaemia world wide?
Iron deficiency anaemia
What disease causes Caseous necrosis?
Tuberculosis
What is a labile cell?
They are constantly dividing and have a good capacity for regeneration. This allows the replacement of ageing tissue such as the surface epithelia of the skin, GI tract and uterus.
Where do B cells Mature?
Bone marrow
What is the mechanism of clopidogrel?
Inhibits the binding of ADP to its platelet receptor preventing platelet aggregation.
What is the Pentad of Thrombotic Thrombocytopaenic Purpura?
Thrombocytopaenia
Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
Neurological abnormalities
Renal failure
Fever
Which antibody can cross the human placenta?
IgG
What is the composition of Immunoglobulin molecules
2 heavy and 2 light chains linked by disulphide bridges.
Where do the majority of T cells mature?
Thymus
What are Cytokines?
Family of chemical messengers, secreted by leucocytes - they act over short distances by binding specific receptors on target cell surfaces.
This includes: Interleukins, Interferons, growth factors and tumour necrosis factors.
How long does the remodelling phase take?
1-2 years - and sometimes longer.
What are the causes of delayed union? in fractures
Poor blood supply, inadequate immobilisation, infection, smoking, systemic disease.
What are the reasons of a fracture non-union?
Infection, severe tissue damage, poor vascularity, metabolic disorders.
What is Wallerian Degeneration?
Axon and Myelin breakdown cleared by
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Physiology - Cardiac/Renal153
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Physiology - Respiratory59
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Anatomy - Thoracic65
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Pharmacology162
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Immunology37
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Upper Limb anatomy92
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Microbiology174
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Cellular Physiology78
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Anatomy - Head and Neck159
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Anatomy - Abdominal111
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GI Physiology79
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Anatomy Lower Limb119
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Pathology37
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Endocrine Physiology29
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Haematology36
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Evidence based medicine49
