Blebbing is a defined feature of what kind of cell death?
Apoptosis
Granulomas are characteristic of what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type IV - Delayed, T-cell mediated
What is this a description of?…The accumulation of modified macrophages called epithelioid cells arranged in clusters surrounded by a cuff of lymphocytes. Other cells may be present including fibroblasts, plasma cells and occasional neutrophils
Granuloma
Define necrosis
death of living tissue.
Cell death in living tissues by enzymatic degredation
Is apoptosis always pathological?
No, can be physiological e.g.
- during embryogenesis (e.g. removing webbing between fingers and toes)
- hormone-dependent evolution (removing mammary gland cells after lactation)
- elimination of harmful self-reactive lymphocytes (removal of inflammatory cells once infection cleared)
- cell death induced by cytotoxic t-cells (eliminates cells with irreparable DNA damage, prevening cancer)
Extrinsic pathway in apoptosis associated with what receptors?
TNF receptor
FAS
Intrinsic pathway in apoptosis involves enzymes being released from what part of the cell?
Mitochondria
Intrinsic apoptosis pathway can occur from loss of action of what gene?
Bcl-2
(anti-apoptotic gene)
What is the difference between wet and dry gangrene?
Wet gangrene - tissues undergo colliquative necrosis
Dry gangrene - tissues undergo coagulative necrosis
What species cause gas gangrene?
exotoxin- producing clostridial species (causes tissues to accumulate gas - seen as crepitations)
What type of necrosis would you see in a cerebral infarction?
Colliquative necrosis - liquefaction, tissue morphology lost
What type of necrosis do you see in myocardial infarction?
coagulative necrosis
- outline of tissue preserved because proteins stick together
Fat necrosis due to action of what enzyme?
lipase
What 4 organs is fat necrosis seen in?
pancreas, omentum, breast, skin
Necrosis of striated muscles is known as what?
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis occurs how many hours after insult?
4-12hrs
Define atrophy
Decrease in cell size
Define hypertrophy
increase in cell size
define hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
define metaplasia
when a cell is replaced by another cell type.
if stimuli persist, can induce cancer
define dysplasia/atypical hyperplasia
abnormal changes in cellular shape and size
In the process of inflammation, vasodilation is induced by action of what two chemicals?
Histamine
NO
What is Hageman factor/factor 12 and what two places is it produced in the body?
Chemical mediator of inflammation
liver and plasma
What 4 systems does Hageman factor/factor 12 activate in inflammation?
- Kinin system
- Clotting system
- Fibrinolytic system
- Complement system
