1
Q
Dental erosion
A
- repeated vomiting causes erosion of enamel
- i.e. bulimia, gastric issues, chronic alcoholism
2
Q
What are the categories of skeletal pathology?
A
- congenital
- genetic
- infection
- endocrine
- metabolic
- neoplastic
- immune
- degenerative
3
Q
Heavy staining of teeth (cause?)
A
by antibiotic tetracycline in childhood
4
Q
Enamel hypoplasia
A
lines in teeth/tickening of enamel
caused by stresses, permanent
5
Q
What category is osteoarthiritis?
A
degenerative
6
Q
What is osteoarthiritis?
A
- non-inflammatory
- bone becomes shiny from grinding
7
Q
What category is septic arthiritis?
A
infection?
8
Q
what is septic arthiritis?
A
- can be caused by TB
- bone destroyed in chunks
9
Q
What category is rheumatoid arthiritis?
A
Immune
10
Q
What is rheumatoid arthiritis?
A
- joint endges and surfaces are eroded, mainly hands and feets
- subluxation: assymetry in bones
11
Q
What category is psoriatic arthiritis?
A
immune
12
Q
What is psoriatic arthiritis?
A
- pencil-and-cup joints
- enthesophytes: bony projections
- fingers, spine, sacrum
- 5% of individuals with psoriasis
13
Q
What category is ankylosing spondylitis?
A
immune
14
Q
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
A
- lumbar vertebrae upwards, sacroiliac joint is key
- potential for fusion
- “bamboo spine”
15
Q
What category is DISH?
A
immune???
16
Q
What is DISH?
A
- graudla and complete fusion of spine via osteophytes (candle-wax)
- doesn’t affect joints
17
Q
What category is gouty arthiritis?
A
metabolic
18
Q
What is gouty arthiritis?
A
- high level of blood uric acid causes crystallisation in joints
- hands, feet, elbows, knees
19
Q
What category is periostitis?
A
non-specific infection
20
Q
What is periostitis?
A
- inflammation of periosteum
- woven and lamellar bone
21
Q
What cateory is osteitis?
A
non-specfic infection
22
Q
What is osteitis
A
- infection into cortex, causing swelling of bone
- present with periostitis
23
Q
What category is osteomyelitis?
A
non-specific infection
24
Q
What is osteomyelitis?
A
- infection within the medullary cavity, results in cloacae (holes), sequestrum (dead bone seperating) and involucrum (new bone around dead)
25
What category is sinusitis?
non-specific infection
26
What is sinusitis?
- pitting and new bone within sinuses
27
What category is TB?
specific infection
28
What is TB?
- bacteria enters via lungs or stomach
- secondary form is chronic, causes ball-like lesions on ribs
29
What category is Pott's disease?
specific infection
30
What is Pott's disease?
- caused by TB
- abscess in thoracic/lumbar causes weakening and collapse of spine
- kyphosis - hunchback
31
What category is brucellosis?
specific infection via brucella bacteria
32
What is brucellosis?
- holes in bone, usually spine affected
33
What category is leprosy?
specific infection by leprosy bacteria
34
What is leprosy?
- face, hands, tibia/fibula
- lesions in bone
35
What category is treponematosis?
sspecific infection
36
What diseases fall under treponematosis?
veneral syphilis, yaws, pinta, bejel
37
What category is venereal syphyilis?
specific infection
38
What is venereal syphilis?
- affects whole skeleton
- extensive cranial lesions common on frontal and parietal regions
39
What category is Yaws?
specific infections, trepanematosis
40
what is yaws?
- extensive cranial lesions, more specific to the nasal area
41
What is treponematosis?
- general microscopic/gross changes to skeleton
- resorption, pitting, cavities in bone
42
What category is osteochondroma?
neoplasm
43
Is osteochondroma benign or malignant?
benign
44
What is osteochondroma?
- bony outgrowths on bone surface near growth plate
- made of bone and cartlidge
- occurs more frequently in young people
45
What category is diaphyseal aclasia?
neoplasm
46
Is diaphyseal aclasia benign or malignant?
benign
47
What is diaphyseal aclasia?
- inherited dominant disorder
- multiple osteochondromas throughout skeleton
- most occur at ends on long bones
48
What category is button osteoma?
neoplasm
49
are button osteomas malignant or benign?
benign
50
What are button osteomas?
- small circumscribed umps on skull vault
- inner or outer table
51
What category is osteoclastoma
neoplasms
52
Is osteoclastoma benign or malignant?
benign
53
What is osteoclastoma?
- giant cell tumour
- arise in metaphysis and extend into epiphysis of long bones
54
55
What category is osteosarcoma?
neoplasm
56
is osteosarcoma benign or malignant?
malignant
57
What is osteosarcoma
- develops in osteoblasts
- long bones around the knee most common
- 'blown out' bone
58
what category is ewing's sarcoma
neoplasm
59
is ewing's sarcoma malignant or benign?
malignant
60
what is ewing's sarcoma
- occurs mostly in bone and soft tissue, leaving ice-y spikes on skeleton
- most common in hips, ribs, long bones
61
what category is myeloma?
neoplasm
62
is myeloma malignant or benign?
malignant
63
What is myeloma?
- affects plasma cells, making holes in areas with marrow
- swiss cheese-esque
- older people
64
What causes cranial porotic hyperostosis?
Anaemia / iron deficiency
65
What category is cranial porotic hyperostosis?
metabolic
66
What category is vitamin C deficiency?
metabolic
67
What is cranial porotic hyperostosis?
- porosity in upper of eye sockets
- caused by anaemia
68
What does vitamin C deficiency cause?
- porosity in eye sockets
- bleeding beneath periosteum
69
What category is vitamin D deficiency?
metabolic
70
What can vitamin D deficiency cause?
Rickets
71
What is rickets?
- lack of absorption of calcium and mineralisation of osteoid
- bendy bones
72
What is vitamin C important for?
- absorption of iron
- function of collagen
73
What category are harris lines?
metabolic
74
What are/causes of harris lines?
- lines of increased bone density
- caused by periods of stress
75
What category is osteoporosis?
metabolic
76
What is osteoporosis?
- thinning of cortical walls
- porosity
- increased risk of fracture
77
What causes osteoporosis?
- lack of estrogen post-menopause
- increasing age
78
78
What category is acromegaly?
endocrine
79
What is acromegaly?
- excess of HGH results in enlargement of madible and hands
80
What category is achondroplasia?
endocrine
81
What is achondroplasia?
- commonest form of swarfism
- large cranium, short limbs
- fibroblast growrh factor receptor
82
What category is pituitary dwarfism?
endocrine
83
What is pituitary dwarfism?
- insufficient amounts of HGH
- proportional skeleton, just smaller
84
What category is thanatophoric dysplasia?
endocrine
85
What is thanatophoric dysplasia?
- severe shortening of limbs, macrocephaly
- caused by mutation in FGFR3 gene
86
what category is polyostic fibrous dysplasia?
congenital
87
What is polyostic fibrous dysplasia
- osteoblasts dont mature properly
- mechanical stress causes deformity
- sheppard's crook deformity
88
what category is paget's disease?
genetic
89
What is paget's disease?
- thickening of cortex
- irregular/excessive women and lamellar bone formation
- skull, femur, spine - kyphosis
90
What category is dicephaly?
congential
91
what is dicephaly?
2 heads
92
what category is anencephaly?
congenital
93
what is anencephaly?
little to no cranium or brain
94
what category is hydrocephalus
congenital
95
what is hydrocephalus
- excess cerebral spine fluid in brain
- swelling of skull
96
what is Palatoschisis
cleft palate
97
what category is palatoschisis?
congenital
98
what is cheiloschisis?
cleft lip
99
what category is cheiloschisis?
congenital
100
what is amelia?
lacking whole limb - reduction defect
101
what category is amelia?
congenital
102
what is meromelia?
lacking part of a limb - reduction defect
103
what category is meromelia?
congenital
104
what aree reduction defects?
reduction - amelia, meromelia
105
what are duplication defects?
addition (supernumary) of limbs or bones i.e. polydactly
106
what are dysplastic defects?
all other
107
What is sacral agenesis?
- failure of caudal neuropore to close
- missing sacral/lumbar vertebrae
108
What category is sarcal agenesis?
congenital
109
what category is spina bifida?
congenital
110
What category is spina bifida occulta?
congenital
111
What is spina bifida?
- failure of neural arch to develop due to neural tube defect
112
What is spina bifida occulta?
- failure of part of neural arch to close?
113
What is spina bifida cystica?
meninges or spinal cord protrude through vertebrae
114
what category is spina bidifda cystica?
congenital
Anthro 2
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