Pathology

Question 1

What are the diseases associated with abnormal mineral homeostasis?

Answer 1

• Hyperparathyroidism
• Rickets and osteomalacia: vitamin D deficiency, easy bone fractures and affected growth

Question 2

What disease is caused by osteoclast dysfunction?

Answer 2

Paget’s disease: extreme bone remodelling, possibly due to viral infection (paramyxovirus isolated from cases), asymptomatic, pain, fracture, neurological signs, high output cardiac failure. It starts with an osteolytic phase, then mixed phase and then osteosclerotic phase

Question 3

What are the bone forming tumours?

Answer 3

1. Osteoid ostemona (benign)
2. Osteoblastoma (benign)
3. Osteosarcoma (malignant)

Question 4

What are the cartilage forming tumours?

Answer 4

1. Osteochondroma (benign)
2. Chondroma (benign)
3. Chondroblastoma (benign)
4. Chondromyxoid fibroma (benign)
5. Chondrosarcoma (malignant)

Question 5

What are the types of tumours of unknown origin?

Answer 5

1. Giant cell
2. Aneurysmal
3. Ewing (malignant)

Question 6

What is a chordoma?

Answer 6

Tumour of the notochord