Pathology

Question 1

normal/norm

Answer 1

any tissue or organ functionally intact, free from disorder, and capable of sustaining its function

Question 2

anomally

Answer 2

deviation from the norm that is non-lethal and does not significantly change function

Question 3

pathology

Answer 3

deviation from the norm that comprises and restricts function of a tissue/organ

Question 4

skeletal evidence of disease

Answer 4

• not all diseases will affect the skeleton and not all diseases that can affect the skeleton will do so in all people
• skeletal reactions to disease tend to be generalized

Question 5

how can disease affect the bone?

Answer 5

• formation
• destruction
• density
• size
• shape

Question 6

lytic lesions

Answer 6

abnormal destruction of cells

Question 7

blastic/sclerotic lesions

Answer 7

abnormal growth of cells

Question 8

periosteal reaction

Answer 8

• formation of new bone in response to injury of or other stimuli to the periosteum surrounding the bone
• can be caused by a tumor, infection, trauma, certain drugs, and some abnormal metabolic conditions

Question 9

osteomyelitis

Answer 9

• any infection of bone and tissue
• bone may enlarge and form bone buttresses/sheaths, drainage channels for pus, and/or islands of dead bone
• infection that moved to the bone

Question 10

infectious disease

Answer 10

• may be bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic

- bone response is slow

Question 11

syphilis

Answer 11

• caused by venereal tereponemal infection
• only in the third stage
• affects periosteal new bone
• affects bones closest to the skin, like frontal, nasal aperture, tibia, ribs, and sternum

Question 12

caries sicca

Answer 12

• syphilis symptoms

- cavities formed and bones try to build around it

Question 13

saber tibia

Answer 13

• syphilis symptoms

- new bone added to the bone to give it a bowing look

Question 14

Tuberculosis

Answer 14

• an airborne bacterial disease

- may result in lytic lesions, vertebral collapse, little to zero bone formation near lesions, can spread to other bones

Question 15

Leprosy

Answer 15

• an airborne bacterial infection
• may result in: concentric loss of bone from phalanges, rhinomaxillary syndrome (upper roof of the mouth and nose wear away)

Question 16

rickets

Answer 16

• a childhood disease
• lack of vitamin D
• classic sign is leg bowing

Question 17

osteoporosis

Answer 17

• most common bone disease in the elderly
• decreased bone density
• bones will become light and show a reduced trabeculae in x-rays
• vertebral and hip fractures
• kyphosis

Question 18

Paget’s Disease

Answer 18

• chronic increase in rate of bone remodeling, progressing from lytic to sclerotic (bone being taken away and then overgrowth)
• thickening of cortex and enlargements of bone
• in adults, more common in men
• most common sites: sacrum, spine, femora, skull, and sternum

Question 19

achondroplasia

Answer 19

• common form of dwarfism
• congenital
• results from defective endochondral ossification
• proportional large head with frontal bossing, lumbar lordosis, and short limbs

Question 20

gigantism

Answer 20

• pituitary gland produces too much growth horomones

- initiates prior to epiphyseal fusion, normal body proportion and bone shape

Question 21

acromegaly

Answer 21

initiates after fusion, large brow ridges, mandibular prognathism, and large limbs

Question 22

cleft palate

Answer 22

• may be partial or complete

- defect in the hard palate that may or may not involve anterior margin

Question 23

spina bifida occulta

Answer 23

-incomplete fusion of spinous process in the sacrum

Question 24

scoliosis

Answer 24

• lateral curvature of the spine
• usually results in the rotation of vertebrae and can create a hump in the chest due to anterior pushing of ribs on one side

Question 25

osteomas

Answer 25

- benign overgrowths of normal bones - common, small, and usually of no clinical significance - can be found on any bone, but more common in frontal

Question 26

osteosarcoma

Answer 26

- most common primary malignant bone tumor - femur, tibia, humorous - mixture of lysis and sclerosis - large mass of spiculate bone

Question 27

Ewings sarcoma

Answer 27

- malignant primary bone tumor - most common in children and adolescents - femur, pelvis, and tibia - cortical erosion, rapid periosteal reaction

Question 28

multiple myeloma

Answer 28

- malignancy of plasma cells arising in red marrow | - multiple small osteolytic lesions throughout skeleton and notably on the skull

Question 29

metastatic cancer

Answer 29

BLT with a Kosher Pickle - breast, lung, thyroid, kidney, prostate - lytic lesions have undercut edges with no signs of healing

Question 30

osteoarthritis

Answer 30

- degenerative joint disease - marginal osteophytes and lipping on margins of new bones of joint surface - alteration of join contour - pitting of joint surface - eburnation

Question 31

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 31

- autoimmune disease - characterized by joint erosion around the joint surface - effects hands, feet, knees, and ankles

Question 32

dental diseases

Answer 32

- caries - carious lesions - bacterial breakdown of enamel, then dentin

Question 33

periodontal disease

Answer 33

- infection of the tissue surrounding the teeth - bacteria breakdown of alveolar margins - localized areas of infection

Question 34

examples of infectious disease (airborne)

Answer 34

- syphilis - tuberculosis - leprosy

Question 35

examples of metabolic diseases

Answer 35

- rickets - osteoporosis - Paget's disease

Question 36

examples of developmental pathology

Answer 36

- achondroplasia - gigantism/acromegaly - cleft palate - spina bifida occulta - scoliosis

Question 37

examples of tumors

Answer 37

- osteomas - osteosarcoma - Ewing's sarcoma - multiple myeloma - metastatic cancer (BLT w/ a Kosher Pickle)

Question 38

examples of degenerative diseases

Answer 38

- osteoarthritis | - rheumatoid arthritis

Question 39

examples of dental diseases

Answer 39

- caries | - periodontal disease