Cardio Week 5 > Pathology: CHF > Flashcards

Pathology: CHF Flashcards

(21 cards)

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1
Q

CHF

  • How deadly is CHF?
  • What is the main physiological cause of CHF?
    • What are the two minor causes of CHF? (Name the associated conditions)
  • Is CHF mostly acute or does pathology take a long time?
  • When the failing heart can no longer efficiently pump blood, what 3 cardiac measurements increase?
A
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2
Q

CHF

  • Describe the forward and backward failure seen in CHF?
A
  • Forward failure
    • Inadequate cardiac output
    • Almost always accompanied by backward failure.
    • Backward failure
      • Increased congestion of the venous circulation - backward failure.
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3
Q

The cardiovascular system attempts to compensate for reduced myocardial contractility or increased hemodynamic burden through three main mechanisms.

  • What are they?
A
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4
Q

Frank-Starling and CHF

  • What happens to the Frank-Starling curve in CHF?
  • Describe compensated heart failure.
    • Why would compensated heart failure turn into decompensated heart failure?
A
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5
Q

CHF: Activation of neurohumoral systems

  • What catecholamine is used to compensate for heart failure? How does it compensate?
  • How is the composition of blood changed to compensate for CHF?
    • How is this controlled?
A
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6
Q

CHF: Myocardial Structural Changes

  • How do cardiac myocytes adapt to the increased workload seen in CHF?
A
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7
Q

Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology

  • In pressure overload states such as hypertension or valvular stenosis, what happens to sarcomeres and muscle fibers?
    • How does this affect the ventricular wall?
A
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8
Q

Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology

  • In volume overload states such as valvular regurgitation:
    • What happens to the sarcomeres?
    • What happens to the ventricle?
      • What does this do to the weight of the heart?
A
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9
Q

Why/How can compensatory hypertrophy in CHF cause ischemic injury?

A
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10
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure

  • What are the 4 main causes of this?
  • What are the 2 physiological reasons for the morphological changes seen in this?
A
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11
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure

  • The left ventricle usually is hypertrophied and can be dilated. What types of left-sided heart failure would this not be seen in?
A
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12
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure

  • Acute Cases
    • What happens to the pulmonary veins?
    • What type of pressure is increased in the venules of the visceral pleura?
    • How does this manifest?
A
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13
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure: Morphology

  • Chronic Cases
    • What role do macrophages play?
    • What are “Heart Failure” cells?
      • What is the pulmonary condition that they are indicative of?
A
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14
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure: Clinical Features

  • What is the earliest symptom seen?
  • Why would a patient cough with this?
    • What other types of breathing symptoms would a patient have?
  • What kind of heart rhythms show up?
  • What do you hear when listening to the heart and lungs?
    • What type of valve disease could be present?
A
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15
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure: Clinical Features

  • What happens to cardiac output?
    • What does this due to the:
      • Kidneys
      • Pulmonary Edema
      • Cerebral Perfusion
A
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16
Q

Left-Sided Heart Failure: Treatment

  • You need to treat the underlying cause of this.
    • How do you do this without Rx?
    • How do you reduce volume overload?
    • How do you reduce afterload?
    • How do you increase contractility?
17
Q

Right-Sided Heart Failure

  • What causes this?
  • What can cause cor pulmonale, and how does this manifest in the heart?
18
Q

Morphology of Right-Sided Heart Failure

  • What vascular areas does significant congestion occur? How is this different that left-sided heart failure?
  • What happens to the liver?
    • How would this be different if a patient has both right and left heart failure?
19
Q

Morphology of Right-Sided Heart Failure

  • What happens to the portal vein and spleen?
20
Q

Morphology of Right-Sided Heart Failure

  • How do patients who have this et ascites?
  • Describe the composition of effusions associated with right-sided heart failure
21
Q

Morphology of Right-Sided Heart Failure

  • What kind of edema is a hallmark of right-sided CHF?
  • Does pure-right sided failure usually have respiratory symptoms?
  • What are the clinical manifestations that are related to systemic and portal venous congestion?
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